Hul Vijeta Essay

Taking learnings from earlier years, a successful redemption programme was implemented, reducing liability substantially. To maximise redemptions by all whoselsalers in the network in the most efficient manner, thereby reducing HUL’s liability. Challenge: To overcome problems faced in previous redemption drives i. e. poor attendance, long waits and wasted agency resources for visiting cities with gift/ rewards vendors. And to maximise redemptions, given the background and geographical spread of venues. Objective Challenge Target Audience HUL’s wholesalers, ( Vijeta Programme members) primarily small businesses, who have stiff targets and are wooed by schemes from competition. They earn reward points on every purchase and can redeem them for gifts. â€Å"Redeem your points for rewards in your own city â€Å"- that was the theme. Given that it is an annual event, the task was to create ‘a difference’: This was done by creating a dedicated †¢ Vijeta AV †¢ Invites to event. Event collaterals:Backdrops A 74 city redemption drive over 2 days in the cities with maximum points’ liability. . Day one for Platinum and Gold members, Day 2 for Silver. 2. A formal invite with members’ Vijeta points personalised, sent well in advance. 3. 3 Teams of 4 students each per zone ( instead of Agency resources) managed the redemption events with daily reports to a Direxions coordinator. 4. HUL received transaction reports within 48 hours of the transaction being done! Direxions coordinated with vendors to ensure that the value, quality and supply/ quantity of products was commensurate with expectations and demand. 6. A soft copy of all points in each city to enable correct rewards being redeemed 1. 30,000 reward requests requested nationally 2. Rs. 100 Million worth of rewards redeemed.

Establishing the Academic Performance of Veterans in the Us Colleges Essay

The word veteran comes from Latin word, vetus which means old. It’s used to mean a person who has experience or has served for a long time in the armed forces. Though sometime it may be used to even include those still working in the armed forces (Howe 23). In some countries holidays dubbed Veterans Day have been celebrated to honor the veterans. After World War 2 veteran groups like the veterans of foreign wars and even the American legion pushed for the enactment of the GI bill which has ensured that veterans access free or subsidized education and health care (Howe 23). Objectives †¢ To determine the level of academic performance of veterans in the US colleges. †¢ To understand the reasons why veterans decide to go back to college. †¢ To comprehend the effect of being a veteran on academic performance. †¢ To classify the academic performance of the veterans i. e excellent, moderate e. t. c. Justification Frances claims that the Vietnam veterans, who were on duty between 1956 and 1975, were psychologically devastated and bitter (45) and addicted to drugs (46). They include the people who had an uphill task readjusting to the normal society life, in the US history context (47). Several movies e. g. Hi mom (1970), 1971’s hard ride and Marvel Comic’s movie The Punisher among others have constantly shown that the experience at the Vietnam war for example was so devastating (Jay 23). This warrants a study that probes to know if the government’s efforts to take the veterans back to college is the most appropriate measure. The results will boost the morale of the veterans. The researcher hypothesis will be a Null hypothesis-There is no relationship between high academic performance and being a veteran. It will be assumed that the respondents exam result will be a true reflection of their academic capability and that past exam marks achieved were not characterized by any irregularities. Literature review A number of recent studies keep pointing at the fact that those combat veterans who have PTSD have exhibited memory lapse. According to Nash (112) and Andrew (99), other psychological dimensions including intellectual capacity, veterans with PTSD have been ok just like other non-veterans. According to the newly signed GI bill by the USA president George W. Bush on 30th June 2008, all American young veterans are assured of a chance to obtain a college degree or university degree free of charge (Montreal Gazette). An example of the serious attention being given to this sector is Horatio Alger association’s commitment in 2005 to distribute 10 million dollars to those veterans who fought wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. This bill was signed in recognition of the Jewish War Veterans. It was also signed in order to review the educational benefits attached to the military, navy or the air force from which a majority of the veterans emanate and which have been outpaced by the standards of living. The bill has been timely because it eliminates the stringent procedures and replaces them with a minimum of three years of active service to the nation in the military, navy, air force or any other troops like reservists or guardsmen. The veteran benefits are to those who have participated actively in long term state duties and have received an honorary discharge from duty e. g. the American Soldiers who went to fight the war in Iraq and made it back home (National Guard). The financial Aid office and the department of veteran affairs in the US which is based at Ivy Tech in Southern Indiana have been very instrumental in promoting education for the veterans. According to a recent survey by Minnesota state colleges and universities (2007), 80% of National Guard soldiers from Minnesota completing their overseas deployment, said they were keen on beginning or returning to complete their higher education (Karmaz 345). These veterans returning from military duty abroad face numerous challenges i. e. personal, relationship, employment matters and education as they struggle to return their lives to normal civilians (Nash 116). As the president of Las Positas College DeRionne Pollard puts it in her welcome note, the veterans have made an astonishing difference in the lives of their countrymen and women. The peace and freedom that is enjoyed by the US for example as she puts it, is as a result of the tiresome work and a strong sense of duty exhibited by the veterans in their various state assigned duties (Andrews 34). This study will therefore be seeking to establish the general academic performance of veterans and the factors responsible for the standards In veterans elementary public school in Chula Vista that caters for approximately 542 students from grade k-6 in 2007 had an adequate yearly progress of 845 surpassing the 800 mark set by the state of California. Sounds impressive but, how about other schools/colleges? (Neubauer & Diane 376) Methodology This study will utilize both quantitative and qualitative methods. In quantitative method, the academic records of the veteran students will be analyzed; their performance will then be compared to the other non-veteran students in the same setting. A test will also be set and administered to all respondents. The research will utilize several resources including stationery, analyzing computers where data is entered and comparison charts and graphs produced. Qualitative method will also be used be used to generate the opinions of the respondents. Unstructured questionnaires will be used to generate this information. All qualitative information of similar nature will be grouped together i. e. information coding. The coded information will then be organized in the form of matrix and then conclusions drawn from the data, E. g. Oral examinations on general topics can also be posed, the respondent’s answers will then be checked for content and their levels of understanding understood. Data analysis The quantitative data on the performance of the subjects will be compared with that of a control reference population of students with the same characteristic but who are not veterans. The qualitative information will also be translated into percentages of the subject who prefer to go back to college for several reasons. The qualitative information will then be used to explain the performance of the veterans quantitatively. For example, if a majority of veterans go back to college because they want to gain knowledge or because they want to develop new careers and assist their families, then we would rightly conclude that the high performance by the same people is purely because of self motivation and not because of the harsh conditions they faced in service for the nation. Results According to (Willenz 56), a case study done on 204 veterans in Michigan, it was found that 60% of the respondents performed well in college at the beginning but later their performance depreciated and they eventually underperformed, with approximately 20% of them dropping out. Of those who dropped out, 90% of them were not going for counseling sessions. The results clearly show that though many veterans want to go back to college, their past experiences plays a major role in what becomes of that decision. However there is a serious need for the veterans to be attached to counselors or psychologists whose therapies should make them fit to go back to college and stay on course to achieve desirable results. Veterans most of the time have suffered severe consequences of war and therefore as a show of appreciation for the sacrifices they made the government through a specifically set financial scheme offers to take them back to school or if they accidentally passed on in line of duty, their family members are given the benefits. These benefits have been characterized with a lot of procedural technicalities that have denied genuine candidates their dues. The most common scenario is that of veterans living in conditions of poverty and engaged in a lot of legal battles with the state in an attempt to prove that they are worth compensating. For the veterans to become normal civilians after participating in military wars there is need for a carefully structured educative system that re- integrates them into the society through counseling and other methods. Recommendations The veterans occupy an integral part of any society. Their contribution in safeguarding the interests of their nation calls for more than is currently being offered even by the US. Young veterans only should have the option of going back to college as compulsory especially if they had not gone to college. But aged ones should be given an opportunity to access the compensation in terms of finances and be able to do what they like with it. The Compensation for duties discharged should not only be education grants but should also include job placements. Because of their selfless actions it would be prudent for the concerned governments to increase the compensations given to those who have been disabled in the line of duty. The duration of service should be a determining factor for compensation.

Lathe Characteristics Essay

The Lathe is the father of all machines tools and is recorded in the early history of many races. As interchangeable manufacturing and mass production principles were developed, it became necessary to create machine tools capable of producing parts in large quantities. This report aims to consider five different â€Å"Types of Lathe† in relation to their manufacturing application, as well as, comparative of important aspects for manufacturing and mass production. It will concentrate on the traditional centre lathe and its development into: production lathes. Definitions, graphs and figures are also included in this report. 1.1.1. – According to the instructions given by Michael Thomas (Module Leader), for â€Å"Manufacturing and Basic Materials† at University of Glamorgan School of Technology, this report has been required and set up as a part of the final assessment. 1.1.2. – The proposal of this report considering five different â€Å"Types of Lathe† in relation to their manufacturing application. 1.1.3. – This report has been assessed and written by Victor Martinez-Perez â€Å"First Year Student of BEng (Hons) Mechanical Engineering at the University of Glamorgan-Pontypridd, Wales 1.2. -PROCEDURES Research for this report was conducted in two ways: 1.2.1. Research from lecture notes and reference books. 1.2.2. Research on the Internet. 1.3. – TOPICS COVERED This report it will concentrate on the traditional centre lathe and its development into: production lathes, in relation to their manufacturing application. 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Man has always tried to find ways of making manual tasks easier and businessman methods to reduce manpower, speed production and lower operating costs. The Lathe is the father of all machines tools and is recorded in the early history of many races, when, equipped with a fixed tool-rest, it was used for woodturning. For its development to the form in which it is known it today, Henry Maudsley (1797) developed the slide rest lathe, allowing people to turn large pieces of metal very quickly and with exact precision. To many people it was regarded as the most important development in the production of machine tools [1]. As interchangeable manufacturing and mass-production principles were developed, it became necessary to create machine tools capable of producing parts in large quantities. Today an Engine Lathe can be defined as a power-driven, general-purpose machine tool used for producing cylindrical work-pieces. As the piece of metal to machine is rotated in the lathe, a single point cutting tool is advanced radially into the workpiece at a specified depth and moved longitudinally along the axis of the workpiece removing metal in the form of chips. By using attachments and accessories other operations may be performed [4]. Lathes are used to produce circular, conical, flat or  sphericall components. [13] Common external lathe processes: facing, straight turning, taper turning, threading. Common internal lathe processes: drilling, boring, internal straight and taper turning, countersinking, counter boring, reaming, tapping and threading The progress in the design of the basic engine lathe and its related machines has been responsible for the development and production of thousands of products we use every day. 3. TYPES OF LATHES, COMPONENTS AND OPERATORS 3.1. CENTRE LATHE The engine lathe is generally used for machining individual parts to the required specifications. Some of the common operations performed on a lathe are: facing, taper turning, parallel turning, thread cutting, knurling, boring, drilling, and reaming. [4] An engine lathe is shown diagrammatically in (Figure-1): it consists of a horizontal bed supporting the headstock, the tailstock and the carriage. All machine tools must have a means of supporting or holding the workpiece. The tailstock can be clamped at various positions along the bed to accommodate workpieces of various lengths. Short workpieces need only be gripped by the chuck. Figure-1 The basic lathe requires a skilled operator and the quality of work produced will depend on his/her care and attention. For production work it is desirable to eliminate the possibility of variation and error, and to this end mechanical stops are often fitted to the carriage to allow accurate return to position and also to disengage power feeds when the required cut  is completed. [4] The capstan lathes are ideal for manufacture of simple and complex turned parts, both from bar and blanks. The blanks can be preturned, forged or cast. 3.2. PRODUCTION LATHES Production Lathes are generally used when a large number of duplicate parts must be produced. Capstan and Turret Lathes, Single-Spindle Automatic Lathes, and the CNC Lathe are the common machines in this group. 3.2.1.Capstan and Turret Lathes Capstan and Turret Lathes are essentially similar in their general arrangement and operation. They differ in many ways from the centre lathes. They are more rigidly constructed, more powerful and have shorter and more rigid beds. There is no compound slide and the tool post is usually a four-way turret mounted directly on the front of the cross slide. The rear of the cross-slide also carries a simple tool post for the parting off tool when working from the bar. An indexing turret replaces the tailstock and it is this turret that carries the majority of the tooling. The tooling is pre-set and the turret can be indexed, or rotated to bring each tool into position, as it is required. 3.2.1.1. The Capstan Lathe is the smaller and most frequently used for bar work fitted with a collet chuck. Its turret is carried on a separate sub-bed that can be clamped at any point along the main bed. The clamping is more rigid and permanent as the sub-bed is only set infrequently. The turret turns automatically from station to station. The turret slide is fitted with adjustable stops, which limit its motion towards the headstock. The operator does not have to carry out any measuring processes but merely feeds the tool into the work until the stop prevents further movement. The tool is then withdrawn manually and the net tool is used. The stop is automatically changed as each new tool is indexed into position. 3.2.1.2. The Turret Lathe is larger and heavier and is used for machining large castings. It is the next development in the provision of a production machine for use by an unskilled operator. The turret lathe is usually fitted with pneumatically or manually operated chucks or special turning fixture to hold the workpiece. The main difference with the capstan lathe is that the turret is mounted on a carriage that slides directly on the main bed of the machine. Indexing is not automatic but is performed manually after unlocking the turret. In this the cross slide is simplified, and provided with a single inverted tool post at the rear and a square indexing turret carrying up to four tools is fitted at the front. A numbered drum of stops is provided for longitudinal and transverse motions. All that is required of the operator is that he/she indexes turret and drum, and moves the carriage to the preset stop. On some turret lathes, as many as 20 different tools can be mounted on a ram or saddle-type turret, and each tool may be rotated into position quickly and accurately. Once the tools have been set, each part is quickly and accurately produced. [8] 3.2.2. CNC Lathe. A computer numerical control (CNC) (figure 2) machine is one of the latest modifications of the basic engine lathe and it is a NC machine with the added feature of an on board computer. Figure 2.- CNC Lathe This lathe controlled by numerical tape is used primarily for tuning operations and can economically and automatically produce shafts of almost any shape. This lathe can outperform most types of lathes and provides savings in tooling, set-up and cycle time. By the term numerical control, we mean that a machine tool can be operated automatically by means of a medium (a paper tape). The tool will do only what it is told to do by the tape that is fed into the machine. But the term computer numerical control (CNC) refers to a computer that is joined to an N/C machine. This makes the machine more versatile because now we can store  information in a memory bank, with retains what is on the N/C tape and repeats it without the tape having to be rewound each time. You can also program a job manually, stop by step, directly on the machine; this is called manual data input. In both cases you can now make a new tape or change what is in the memory bank by making a new tape. This costs more, but the operator now has greater flexibility in producing the part. For example if a tool gets dull you can manually change the feed of the speed of the cutter to maintain a smooth cut. The cutter can therefore cut up to 10 more parts before an operator has to change the tool. This increases the number of parts per tool and reduces the downtime of a machine, which is very profitable. If a company needs to add or delete sections of a part for revisions or updating can do it by pressing two to four buttons. In a CNC lathe the drives of the hand wheels of the conventional lathe have been substituted to allow their control of slide positions by the computer. This opens up the possibility of generating unlimited variety of profiles using continuous positions control of the slides. [3] This can then be extended by the installation of tool turrets under computer control, and a computer controlled turret on longitudinal and transverse slide ways replacing the tailstock. Since provision has no longer to be made for a human operator, the machine can be made more compact and complex. The bed can be redesigned and placed at a slope to allow improved flow of coolant. Driven spindles may be incorporated into the tool turrets, enabling milling and drilling operations to be carried out, and allowing complex parts to be produced complete in one operation. 3.2.3. Single-Spindle Automatic Lathe. This lathe differs from the capstan in that the turret revolves about a horizontal pivot instead of about a vertical axis. It will also possess several radial tool slides used for forming and parting tools. This lathe is particularly popular as a first operation machine fed with bar stock, using a magazine type bar feeder. Produce in small (figures 6 and 7)  and medium quantities. It is designed to turn small parts normally used in cameras, electronic gadgets, spray guns, hydraulic & pneumatic and fittings, cable glands, etc, made out of aluminium, brass or mild steel. These can also produce automobile-related parts, like pistons, rings, valve guides, shafts, ejector pins, etc. Some work examples are shown below. The control of the machining cycle no longer rests with the operator, but is controlled by the machine itself usually by cam-actuated motions. 4. WORK HOLDING AND TOOL SYSTEMS 4.1. WORK HOLDING The chuck is the most common method of work holding. (Figure-8). The chuck has either three or four jaws and is mounted on the end of the main spindle. A three-jaw chuck is used for gripping cylindrical workpieces when the operation to be performed is such, that the machined surface is concentric with the work surfaces. The jaws have a series of teeth that mesh with spiral grooves on a circular plate within the chuck. This plate can be rotated by the key inserted in the square socket, resulting in simultaneous radial motion of the jaws. Since the jaws maintain an equal distance from the chuck axis, cylindrical workpieces are automatically centred when gripped. With the four-jaw chuck, each jaw can be adjusted independently by rotating the radially mounted threads screws. Although accurate mounting of a workpiece can be quite time consuming, a four-jaw chuck is often necessary for non-cylindrical workpieces. For very complicated shapes a circular faceplate can be used. The faceplate has radial slots that provide a means of bolting the workpiece to the faceplate. For small lathes for work on material provided in bar form, collets are often used. These collets are effectively split sleeves that fit snugly over the  workpiece and have a taper on their outer surface. Drawing the collet into a matching tapered hole in the end of the spindle has the effect of squeezing the collet and gripping the workpiece. For accurate turning operation or in cases where the work surface is not exactly cylindrical, the workpiece can be turned between centres. (Figure-9). Initially the workpiece has a conical centre hole drilled at each en to provide location for the lathe centres. Before supporting the workpiece between the centres (one in the headstock and one in the tailstock), a dog (a clamping device) is secured at the headstock end. The dog is arranged so that the tip is inserted in a slot in the drive plate mounted on the main spindle, ensuring that the workpiece will rotate with the spindle. [11] In the collet chuck, there is a spring collet split at its front end. The work is first clamped by making the collet close upon the workpiece by means of a nut. Face plates are used for irregular shapes. A faceplate has radially place slots, which allow the workpiece to be clamped to it by means of bolts Although similar forms of work holding are used as for traditional machines they are automated and may have locating systems incorporated into them. Automation of chuck closure can be achieved by mechanical, pneumatic or hydraulic actuation. 4.2. TOOL HOLDING It is often the case that the most difficult stage in manufacturing a product is working out how to hold a billet of material while it is machined. The tool must not foul the working holding system. The work holding system must not get in the way of the machining operations. [6] Lathe cutting tools are generally held by two methods:  · In tool holders, which provide rigidity when holding the cutting tool.  · In tool posts: which provide a means of holding either a toolholder or a cutting tool Standard The toolpost usually supplied with a centre lathe is the standard or round type (Figure-10). This toolpost, which fits into the T-slot of the compounds rest, provides a means of holding and adjusting a toolholder or a cutting tool. A concave ring and wedge provide a means of adjusting the cutting tool height. Turret type or four-way toolpost Turret type or four way tool post (Figure-11) are designed to hold four cutting tools, which can be easily indexed for use as requires, Several operations, such as tuning, grooving, threading, and parting may be performed on a workpiece by loosening the locking handle and rotating the holder until the desired tool bit is in the cutting position. This reduces the set-up time for various too/bits, and thus increasing production. Quick-change tool holder These are made in different styles to accommodate different types of cutting tools. Each holder is dovetailed (Figure-12) and fits on a dovetailed toolpost, which is mounted on the compound rest. The tool is held in position by a set of screws. After a tool becomes dull, the holder and the tool may be replaced with another preset unit. This is useful where many parts of one size are being machined since the cutting point on the toolbit, having been preset in the tool room, is in exactly the same position as the tool it replaces. Each toolholder fits onto the dovetail on the toolpost and is locked in position by means of a clamp. A knurled nut on each holder provides vertical adjustment. The main difference between traditional tool holding and CNC tool holding is the use of presetting. This can be achieved in a number of ways such as tooling held in locatable tool holder, Block tooling and changeable tool/tip elements. Tool presetting systems use special presetting fixtures of possible co-ordinate measuring systems. Once the tool has been mounted into the turret proving systems can be used to account for small inaccuracies in setting in addition to tool wear. 5. THE SETTING UP AND/OR PROGRAMMING OF THE LATHE The best lathe in the world is going to function poorly unless it’s correctly set up in the first instance. Even a new lathe will not cut parallel unless it’s levelled properly, and the surface finish that can be achieved will be much improved by reducing vibrations transmitted to the work and tool from the motor and lathe gearing. As well if the lathe has been installed for some considerable time it’s worth going through the test procedures to check its alignment. None of the procedures involved are particularly complex, and it doesn’t require expensive tools to get a good end result The process of setting the lathe up is a logical one, and the first step is to check that the foundation is as level as you can possibly get it. Secondly correct twist in the bed is a simple matter of adjusting the jacking screws on the raising blocks, or by placing shims beneath the feet of the lathe – such adjustments being carried out at the tailstock end. Setting Up cutting tool The cutting tool must be set up at he correct height. If it is set too high then the tool will rub against the workpiece, generating heat and a poor surface finish and blunting the cutting tool edge. If the cutting tool is set too low then the workpiece will be pulled over the top of the cutting  tool and will damage the cutting tool or pull the workpiece from the chunk. The severity of the problem will be determined by the forces involved, which are related to the height above or below the workpiece centre and the materials, feed rate, cutting speed and depth of cut that are involved. The cutting tool must also be held tightly in the tool-post, using all available clamping screws. The cutting tool should not extend further than is necessary from the tool-post, as this increases the risk of vibration, resulting in damage to the cuttings tool and poor surface finish and tolerance. CAD/CAM links The wide use of CAD systems has led to major developments in the generation of CNC programs. The computer â€Å"knows† de geometry that the designer has defined. It stores the values of the equations of the lines and circles, etc in its memory. This means that the geometry can be transferred to the CAM program which adjusts the sizes produced by the designer to produce a new set of geometry to define the cuter path needed to make the part. Someone thus has to define which cutter; feed rate and spindle speed will be used. These are technology decisions usually made by the manufacturing engineer how has to take into consideration the strength of the workpiece material, the clamping and the amount of material to be removed. It is now a usual practice to download the geometry specified by the designer and then to process this into a machining program. This can save considerable amount of time and also prevents errors that the programmer can make when doing calculations and retype the dimensions into the computer. It does also place the responsibility for the product shape upon the designer. The drawing must be free of errors, as it will be followed faithfully by the CAM system. Unfortunately the machine tool builders have not agreed a universal standard for the machine language. This forces companies to use post processors to translate from the ISO CL file CAM output, into the particular machine tool language. Similarly CAD systems have their own individual formats and the International Graphic Exchange Standard has been established to enable companies to exchange CAD information across different systems. A widespread of this is used by Auto CAD, DXF format and most CAM systems will accept a DXF or IGES files as an input. [10] Editing facilities enhances the utilisation of the machine considerable as programmes may be copied to enable several parts to be made from one piece of material and kits of parts may be made at one setting on the machine. 6. THE MEASURING GAUGING SYSTEM Thanks to the advances in technology, machines have been developed which are capable of producing workpieces to extremely fine tolerances. As a result, measuring tools and equipment had to be upgraded to measure the closer tolerances accurately. The need for accurate measurement was necessary because of interchangeable manufacture, where parts produced in one part may be assembled with parts from another plant or even another country. [12] Using a centre a thorough the inspection is a must although accuracy of the workpiece required would determine the type of measuring tools which should be used. [4] A hook rule is very convenient for measuring the size of a workpiece. Inside callipers will be used to measure the diameter of holes or the width of key ways and slots and then will be transferred to a micrometer. A micrometer may be used to measure the shaft of the work in a machine. Vernier callipers are used to measure with precision. Plug gauges are also used to measured holes. Dial indicators are used to check the alignment of machine tools, fixtures and work pieces prior to machining 7. ECONOMIC ASPECTS In any engineering operation, the economics of cost of operation plays a vital role in determining the rate or speed of operation. If we cut the unwanted material at a very slow speed, the completion time of the operation would increase. And with it the cost of labour, the cost of machine operation, and the overhead costs and make the operation costlier. If the same operation were done at very high speed, the wear of cutting tool would be accelerated. The operator will have to change the tool more often and, consequently will have to regrind the tool and reset it on the machine more frequently. Thus will increase the tool cost, the tool resetting cost and machine down-time. The effect of speed on various costs is illustrated in (Figure-13), which shows that only at some particular speed the operation is most economical. [9] The approach to automation depends heavily on the volume of production. Usually three categories are used in describing the volume of production: mass production involving more than 1 million components per year, large-batch production and small batch-production less than a few hundred in each production run. A numerically controlled machine where the operator is replaced by feedback control equipment, containing the various instructions are generally economical for the machining of those medium components that are required in small batches and that do not need a wide variety of machining operations using different tool systems and different positions of the workpiece. Complex components are expensive because they have considerable material value and generally require a large amount of machining. For this components the most economical is to choose a machine where in a variety of machining functions are integrated. For instance the ASS. Mr. After Debarr [12] compared manufacturing costs for various systems quantitatively. This comparison is presented in (Figure-14) and shows how  the choice of systems depends to a large extent on batch size. It is clear that manual systems are only justified for the smallest batches and that numerical control is likely to be economic for a wide range of small and medium batch production. Accuracy and surface finish must to be taken into consideration as well when costs are concerned and is therefore necessary to take into account the function intended for the machined surface. The specification of too-close tolerances or too-smooth surfaces is of the major ways a designer can add unnecessary costs. As a guide to de difficulty of machining to within required tolerances it can be stated as:  · Tolerances from 0.127 to 0.25 mm are readily obtained.  · Tolerances from 0.025 to 0.05 mm are slightly more difficult to obtain and will increase production costs.  · Tolerances 0.0127 mm or greater require good equipment and skilled operators and will add significantly to production costs. Even when the surface can be finished on the one machine, a smoother surface requirement will mean increased costs. The typical surface roughness obtained in turning is between 6.3 to 2.5 à ¬m. The machining time and hence the machining cost is inversely proportional to the square root of the surface finish. (Figure-15), shows the relationship between production cost and surface finish for a typical turning operation. 8. REFERENCES [1]Titlt Hammer – Steel City Founders http://tilthammer.com/bio/maud.htm [2] http://www.the-land-rover.com/WeldShop/MasterMachinist/Ch7.htm [3] J. V. Valentino and Joseph Goldenberg. Introduction to Computer Numerical Control (CNC). Third Edition. Pearson Education. [4] James Anderson and Earl E. Tatro. Shop Theory. Sixth edition. McGraw-Hill 1974 [5] http://www.welsoft.co.uk/machmill/hs410.htm [6] H Burghardt, A Axelrod & J Anderson, Machine Tool Operation, Part 1, ED McGraw Hill Book Company, 5th Edition [7] G. Sekhon & B Juneja, Fundamentals Of Metal Cutting and Machine Tools, Ed John Wiley & Sons, Chichester 1987 [8] Krar, Oswald & St. Amand Machine Tool Operations, McGraw Hill, Inc. 1985 [9] A J Lissaman & S J Martin Principles of Engineering Manufacture, Ed Arnold, London 1996 [10] R Rapello, Essentials of Numerical Control, Ed Prentice Hall, New Jersey 1986 [11] G Boothroyd, Fundamentals of Metal Machining and Machine Tools, International Edition Ed. McGraw Hill Company, Singapore 1987 [12] R L Timings, Manufacturing Technology, Level 2, 2nd Edition. Ed Logman Technician Series, London 1984

Entourage by Doug Ellin Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Entourage by Doug Ellin - Movie Review Example Vince's entourage consists of: Eric, his closest friend who acts as his manager; Johnny "Drama" Chase, his older brother, an avid cook and a struggling actor in his own right; and Turtle, who is simply living the high life riding Vince's coattails and serves as a chauffeur." (Entourage (TV series) Summary) The other main characters in the series include Vinces successful agent Ari, the publicist Shauna, and Emily. Thus, the characters of the series include Vince - played by Adrian Grenier, Eric - played by Kevin Connolly, "Drama" - Kevin Dillon, Turtle - Jerry Ferrara, Ari - Jeremy Piven, Mrs. Ari - Perrey Reeves, Lloyd - Rex Lee, Andrew Klein - Gary Cole, and Sloan - Emmanuelle Chriqui. This paper makes a reflective exploration of the characters, overall effectiveness, connectivity, design and execution of the series Entourage in order to determine the various factors that contribute to the overall success of the series. In a profound analysis of the characters in the series, it becomes lucid that the makers of the show have been careful in the creation of the major characters that are central to the entire plot of the series. The various episodes of the TV series revolve round the six major characters such as Vincent Chase, Eric "E" Murphy, Johnny "Drama" Chase, Turtle, Ari Gold, and Mrs. Gold, and these roles are played by successful actors. The hero, Vincent Chase is a young and upcoming A-list actor and this role is efficiently played by Adrian Grenier. Similarly, Kevin Connolly plays the role of Vince's best friend and manager and Kevin Dillon plays the role Vince's elder brother. Other important players include Jerry Ferrara, who plays the role of Turtle, Jeremy Piven, who plays Ari Gold, and Perrey Reeves, who takes the role of Mrs. Gold. These main characters, along with the supporting characters and the recurring characters, make the main actions of the series. Through the various actions a nd dialogues of these characters, this comedy-drama offers accounts about the Hollywood social and professional scene. As Gary Richard Edgerton and Jeffrey P. Jones maintain, "Entourage follows the HBO tradition of integrating narratives about the Hollywood social and professional scene with many guest appearances and jokes at the industry's expense." (Edgerton and Jones, 165) Therefore, the characters in the series Entourage offer convincing picture of the Hollywood lifestyle and deal with the theme of male friendship, especially through the the friendship between the four main characters. A careful analysis of the various elements in the series Entourage confirms that the overall effectiveness of the comedy is unquestionable and it is affirmed by the various awards and nominations won by the series including Emmy, Golden Globe etc. It is important to recognize that the series achieves success with regard to its cast and characters, plot, themes and characteristics etc. The theme of male friendship has been presented effectively through the relationship among the four important characters of the show and its significance over work becomes obvious to the audience. Significantly, the life in Hollywood is best presented through the various characters in the show, and the numerous celebrities who have guest-starred on the show offer convincing evidences to the life in Hollywood. "True to the Hollywood satire genre, "Entourage" is scattered with cameo appearances by famous people playing themselves. Alba's on

Analyzing the Historical Setting in Novel V for Vendatta Essay

Analyzing the Historical Setting in Novel V for Vendatta - Essay Example The novel, thus, by charting the future of the world, talks about the future as something that is not a mystery. However, the novel was written keeping in mind the political currents of the present and as such, a historical analysis of the novel should include the details of the present as well as it is intended for the audience of the present. The novel V for Vendetta talks of a future when the political centre of the world has shifted back to Britain. The country however, experiences one of the worst regimes that it has ever done so. Moore depicts a society where people do not act as a result of a regime that punishes any form of criticism that is leveled against it. Apart from this, it also does not value the lives of its own citizens highly. This can be seen from the past of the character of V. The major and immediate reason for the transformation of who was once a normal citizen of Britain to the masked character V is the use of his body for experiments that were carried out by the party Norsefire that ruled Britain. The leader of this party employs brutal methods to suppress revolution or any other form of dissent arising from the masses. The novel seeks to parody the future that it expected for Britain from the 1980s to the 1990s. The age that the novel expects is one that has many diseases and monopolized drug firms. To summarize this, one may say that the world that the Moore seems to be envisioning is one that is dystopic- a world where the monopoly over the production of a drug would lead to political power. In this world, the very basic fears of mankind are employed to create vote banks. One of the most brutal methods that the party Norsefire employs is one where the citizens of the country are constantly under surveillance. These fears regarding a lack of privacy surged during the time that the concept for this novel was developed and also during the time that the novel was published. The publication of the novel was during a period when people wer e worried about the intrusion into their lives by governing agencies. This took the government to the level of an omnipotent power that had knowledge of everything and thus the power to do anything. Coupled with this, the novel depicts the government to have the power to invent the very few drugs that had the power to cure certain diseases. During the eighties, the scare that was related to AIDS had started and this could be one of the reasons as to why the novel portrays a world that is gripped by a fear of diseases that are incurable. Apart from this, the aspect of the monopoly of the government shows the fears that people of the modern age have about the fact that the government seems to be an all-powerful organization. By the time the eighties had arrived, people had in many parts of the world become disillusioned with the concept of democracy and the fact that power was something that existed everywhere. This made accountability impossible and a citizen of any democracy wouldnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t be able to know where the power of the society was invested in. As a result of this, a monopoly that a government would have in an area such as healthcare would be disastrous as it would invest the government with a power that is limitless. Another aspect of the people who constitute modern society that the eighties had accepted was the fact that multiculturalism was a way of life that was irrevocable. The art of this age demonstrates the growing resentment

Highway engineering 1 (civil) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Highway engineering 1 (civil) - Assignment Example The street linked Clark Street (New Lynn) with the Windsor road (New Windsor). Due to the increase of Auckland population, an upgrade for the arterial road was needed. The upgrade has several merits, benefitting the commuters and residential properties. The Tiverton/Wolverton route is an important district arterial route linking the town centre development with SH20 and the airport route. The project route carries 25000 Annual Average Daily Traffic at Wolverton and with the SH20 connected to SH1, the route experiences severe traffic congestion during the day and peak hours. The congestion was raised in the national papers in September 2010. The Tiverton/Wolverton route is identified in the National Land Transport Programme 2009-2012 as a high priority project committed for the 2010 construction period. The NZTA identified the route to Auckland Council as one of the route to be upgraded before the Waterview Connection Highway 20. The project will improve east west linkage for the city. The 2012-15 National Land Transport Programme (NLTP) in collaboration with Auckland Transport and other partners aimed to increase commutation for commuters around Auckland and improve efficiency in movement of freights. The programme aimed at investing in constructing the Western Ring Route, Auckland Manukau Eastern Transport Initiative (AMETI), improve road network to enable accessibility to motor vehicles, and upgrade of public transport modes such as rail, bus, and ferry services. NLTP has contributed to the safety, efficiency and resilience of Auckland Transport network through construction of Tiverton/Wolverton Road upgrade project. Safety investments create a transport system that eradicates human error which costs life through the four parts of a Safe System; safe roads and road sides, safe speeds, safe vehicles, and safe road use. The Tiverton/Wolverton Upgrade has delivered long-term benefits to the residents living and

None 1 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

None 1 - Case Study Example In this paper, I develop a plan of how to analyze the intelligence problem that has been posed on Federal Republic of Ysla by The Sovereign Autocracy of Penin. Overview of the case The case involves a threat from SAP that is currently at war with the Federal Republic of Ysla. SAP has employed air reconnaissance, special operations, and air bombings against FRY as strategizes for a military attack. FRY’s topography, however, does not favor SAP military and only two targets are vulnerable to SAP’s amphibious offensive, and its naval attacks can only extent to 250 nautical miles. Analytical plan on how SAP military invasion will occur The analysis plan to determining how SAP will launch its attack follows a strategic approach that involves the intelligence cycle. The plan involves identification of the problem statement that defines the question, ‘How will SAP launch its attack on FRY?’ A planning stage then follows the problem statement and involves identific ation of key players to the entire process of protecting the FRY from SAP’s threat and the role of such players. The players in the case are experts in communication technology and communication process, informants, analysts and decision makers. The next stage in the analysis involves collection of data that relates to SAP’s potential mode of attack and explores such information as their potential targets, vulnerability of the targets, and potentials of the enemy’s arsenals to hit the targets from their different bases. The collected information is then analyzed; using i2 Analyst’s Notebook, compiled and communicated to relevant authority (IBM, n.d). The analysis process considers information such as appointment of a marine major to command the Third SAP Corps, SAP government’s directive to ban visits to its coast, and reports that SAP attacks will be made near Eyer. Further information indicates increased shipping near Banes, military movements to wards the northwest, and deployed crafts at Haba. Analyzing these pieces of information using i2 Analyst’s Notebook, whose functional features include visualization of intelligence information, analysis, and communication of the intelligence, identifies SAP’s focus on Port Eyer region with movements closer to the port and a base at Banes. The fact that only Mia and Eyer are vulnerable to SAP, that a marine has been appointed to head the Third SAP Corps, and that SAP’s naval initiatives can reach Eyer from Haba identifies marine, sub-marine or missile offensive as the primary mode of attack. This is because the two SAP bases, especially Haba, are strategic for accessing the FRY’s vulnerable ports through the sea (Clark, 2010; Folker, 2000). Analytical plan on where SAP military will occur The intelligence cycle is similarly applicable in analyzing the situation to determine where SAP attack will occur. The analysis begins by development of the problem stat ement in the form, ‘Where will the attack occur?’ Same parties are used in the intelligence process that identifies relevant information for analysis to identifying area of attack. i2 Analyst’s Notebook is used to locate different possible areas from which attacks can be launched and

Is Experience More Preferable over Academic Results Personal Statement

Is Experience More Preferable over Academic Results - Personal Statement Example My major is economics hence working in this environment was both beneficial and eye-opening for me. As a personal assistant I was able to see the CEO go through her day and the different decisions she was required to make for the benefits of the business. Â  Here I learned my first lesson which was that one must adjust in the practical world and must be ready to make on the spot decisions. The CEO was always under a lot of pressure and had to attend to many different things at the same time. However, I was admirable of her capability to keep calm and delegate each requirement in ways which enabled all the requirements to be met.The economic world is also the same in the sense that economies are always changing. In order for one to stay ahead in this field, he or she should be ready to adjust to different markets and different conditions. One can easily be overwhelmed by the constant changes or requirements, however, the internship taught me that it is easier to make decisions with a cooler head and panicking only slows down the thinking and adaptive process. I was also able to see the different business decisions that the company made and the CEO gave me some advice in about business and how one is always required to take risks, however, they must be calculated and not place the integrity of the person or the company in jeopardy.I also learned many things from being part of a working environment. There are many different characters and people in a company and there will naturally be conflicts of interest at some point. This is especially present in fields involving economics as the profession is very competitive. Hence, by being in this environment I was able to learn about teamwork and how working well with others can help one fulfill his or her duties.

Gharar in Islamic Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Gharar in Islamic Law - Assignment Example Another major contribution of the Islamic banks is that being under supervision of their Shariah Boards they presented a wide range of questions concerning modern business to Shariah Scholars, hence, providing them an opportunity to understand the contemporary business practice and trade but also to evaluate it in the light of Shariah and to find out other alternatives which may be acceptable according to the Islamic principles (Vogel and Samuel, 1998). Islamic Laws Islam is a complete code of life and encompasses everything in life. It influences families as much as international relations and certainly includes all financial matters. It sources are the Quran and the Sunnah and the consensus of the opinion of the great jurists and interpreters of Islamic Law. If none of cited provide guidance on a particular matter then there is qiyas or analogy by which jurists and scholars compare an issue of today with a similar one described in the Quran or Sunnah and draw conclusions from the p rinciples involved (Usmani, 2001). In all mattes of finance, the essence of Islamic law is perhaps based on a verse from the Quran that says â€Å"Do not usurp one another’ possessions†. The object of Islamic finance is to eliminate injustice and exploitation in financial dealings and to create an equitable distribution of wealth by encouraging effort and mutual co operation. It is believed that this, in turn, will increase productivity and goodwill, alleviate economic hostility and inspire all the members of a society with a feeling of having common economic goals (Al-Qardawi, 2001). However, because the law is derived from writings that predate modern life, the interpretations can be difficult. In the finance sector, banks appoint Shariah boards to consider transactions that the bank wishes to engage in and decide whether they meet the Shariah requirements. However, boards in different banks may often come to different conclusions (Obaidullah, 2005). Almost all trans actions entered into by banks are based on legal contracts that conform to local law (or in many cases, English Law) and often add Shariah compliance as an additional requirement. This has not proven to be an easy legal basis for business, although only a few cases have come to the courts, the courts have ruled that only one law can be applied (Ghafoor, 1995). London Rulings Two cases are worth studying a) Islamic Investment Company of Gulf Ltd v Symphony Gems & others (London High Court 13.02.02) b) Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd & others v Shamil Bank of Bahrain EC (Royal Courts of Justice, London 11 & 12 December, 2003) In the later case, the banking expert on Islamic Law and former director, Center of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law on the invitation of the court gave following observations (Usmani, 2001): The precise scope and content of Islamic Law in general, and Islamic banking in particular are marked by a degree of controversy within Islamic world, best exemplified by the fact that the actual practice of Islamic banking differs widely within the Islamic world (Usmani, 2001). In the absence of any agreement on the boundaries of Islamic Banking or indeed on what ought to be the precise ingredients of a Morabaha agreement, it is in practice up to the individual banks to determine the issue. In the absence of any legal prescription as to what does and what does not constitute Islamic banking or finance, most Islamic banks, including those in Bahrain, seek the advice of Islamic Scholars who examine and approve

Being In Nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Being In Nature - Essay Example So, I decided to look at the nature through lens of a system of beliefs that is not common for me and gain first hand experience. This paper will provide an accurate account of the way I perceived the nature from the point of view of Chinese folk religions. First of all, it must be noted that while sitting on the bank of the river, I used my imagination to think that everything that is around me may be home for a particular deity, as is proposed by Chinese folk religion (Taylor 299). I tried to envision how gods could dwell in the trees or in the rocks. I also took a close look at the river, thinking about it not as a huge amount of water that was flowing from an elevated platform towards the ocean, but some kind of a miracle. I thought that if I try hard enough I will be able to image the god of the river and maybe interact with it. In addition to that, while sitting on the bank, I felt that I was ready for some fantastic actions. Indeed, I thought that is the surrounding area is full of different deities that some interesting might happen to me as well. That is why I looked at the forest and at the river, hoping that I will be able to communicate with the gods that live there and they might possibly give me a quest to complete. There is no doubt in the fact that if a person perceives the world in this way, than the latter becomes a rather interesting place to live in. Finally, I looked at the nature that was around me and felt that there is much more than a simple set of natural objects. I felt that under certain conditions, a person might feel that the place were I was sitting is able to tell a story. I think that it would not be an exaggeration that this was as close as I have ever been to understanding a different worldview. In spite of the fact that I knew that there would not be a fancy half transparent figure floating in the air dressed in ancient Chinese clothes, I felt that there is truly something more to the scenery. In other

Why is soledad relevant to Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Why is soledad relevant to Of Mice and Men Essay Soledad derives from the word Solitude, a state of social isolation. It is the situation/state of being alone. Loneliness is defined as an emotional state in which a person (or animal) experiences an immense feeling of emptiness and isolation. Loneliness and isolation is a theme that is reflected constantly throughout Of Mice and Men such as; the characters, in the minor actions that the characters pursue, in this case, when the men play solitaire, and also the settings which are described to us that give us the idea of loneliness. The characters in Of Mice and Men experience loneliness in various ways to each other through the story. Many of the men who work at the ranch travel alone besides George and Lennie. This makes the other men curious yet also suspicious of their motives. Many of the workmen and characters at the ranch can be seen as lonely in the way that they are separated from their families and civilisation, however, the characters which are the main victims of loneliness in Of Mice and Men are Curley’s wife, George and Crooks. John Steinbeck portrays Curley’s Wife as the only female on the ranch and gives the reader a description to identify her with ‘Full, rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made up. Her fingernails were red’ (Page 32), Steinbeck presents her as a beautiful young woman who is especially appealing to the men at the ranch. As we progress in the book we find that one of the men Whit explains, â€Å"I never seen nobody like her. She got the eye goinà ¢â‚¬â„¢ all the time on everybody. I bet she even gives the stable buck the eye. I don’t know what the hell she wants† (Page 51). It is soon discovered that Curley’s Wife is always looking for Curley and he is always looking for her. However this is just her alibi so that she can go around the ranch trying to talk to all the men and get their attention, which she doesn’t get from Curley. The men however are cautious of her as Curley is very aggressive and uneasy when anyone talks to his wife or when she talks to anyone at the ranch. So what happens when Lennie, who has been told not to talk or say anything to anybody at the ranch, begins to communicate with Curley’s Wife, an attractive, manipulative and lonesome woman. It is obvious that the worst is going to occur when this occurrence takes place (Lennie and Curley’s Wife talking), as Curley is already suspicious of him and George, and George has specifically told Lennie not to communicate with anyone because of recent bad events. Lennie said to Curley’s Wife as they sit alone in the barn, , â€Å"No, sir. I ain’t gon na talk to you or nothing† (Page 85), as the conversation goes on Curley’s Wife says, â€Å"Why can’t I talk to you? I never get to talk to nobody. I get awful lonely.† Lennie replies to this situation the only way he knows how, â€Å"Well, I ain’t supposed to talk to you or nothing.† â€Å"I get lonely† Curley’s Wife said. â€Å"You can talk to people, but I can’t talk to nobody but Curley. Else he gets mad. How’d you like not to talk to anybody?† (Page 85). Curley’s Wife being the only female on the ranch and with the restricted communication shared with any other humans on the ranch, was just trying to get the attention she believes she deserved and of course needed, so that she would not feel the loneliest and emptiest she has been ever since she married Curley. Although George travels with Lennie, he is emotionally and socially alone. George’s partner Lennie is mentally slow, meaning that communication between the two men is very frustrating as Lennie does not understand George and George is constantly annoyed at the sheer fact that Lennie isn’t very bright, continuously maki ng mistakes which get them into trouble. â€Å"An’ whatta I got,† George went on furiously. â€Å"I got you! You can’t keep a job and you loose me ever’ job I get. Jus’ keep me shovin’ all over the country all the time. An’ that ain’t the worst. You get in trouble. You do bad things and I got to get you out.† His voice rose nearly to a shout. â€Å"You crazy son-of-a-bitch. You keep me in hot water all the time.† (Page 13) George is always taking his anger out on Lennie by yelling at him as he believes this is the way it will get through to Lennie but this does not prevail and leaves George angrier than when he began shouting at Lennie. As this reoccurring annoyance towards Lennie happens even at the ranch it is acknowledged by one character; Crooks talks to Lennie in the barn, â€Å"Sometimes he talks, and you don’t know what the hell he’s talkin’ about. Ain’t that so?† (Page 69). George has no other friendship with anybody else, as he travels alone in life except for one disturbance, Lennie. As ill-fated as it is, Lennie is seen as a disturbance and obstruction to George. Even though Lennie may be very handy, he’s neither bright nor intelligent. In realism, it appears as though George himself is trying to escape the feeling of emptiness and the reality of loneliness. However he just finds himself unable to bond with Lennie in any way, leaving him trying to play his one man game with his unfortunate hindrance partner. Crooks, the stable barn, who lives in a small shed that leads off from the barn is exposed to loneliness as he keeps to himself in his small and deserted room. ‘Scattered about the floor were a number of personal possessions; for being alone, crooks could leave his things about.’ (Page 66). When first describing Crooks, the author puts and underlying message in our head of loneliness as to show us that this is one of the most important themes which is rampant throughout Of Mice and Men. Crooks faces loneliness and partly shelters himself to isolation due to prejudice from the people around him. He believes everyone is against him because he is a ‘negro’ however this may not always be the case, he just keeps to himself so that he doesn’t have to deal with getting grief off any of the other men, especially Curley. As a result of this, Crooks, Curley’s Wife and George may all be lonely in different ways to each other, and the other men, however, they all feel emptiness and it appears like they are all playing their own game each as a solitary individual man (or woman). A game played regularly by the men, George in particular, is Solitaire. This game is always played by one person which can be very relevant in the story Of Mice and Men when Steinbeck is reflecting to us the idea of loneliness. When George plays the game of solitaire he does this alone like he is playing his own game doing it the way he wants to. But in reality, he is always stuck with Lennie. This is just a way of getting away from the fact that Lennie is bringing him down, so that he can play his own game not constantly having to deal with the obstruction of his partner. This game is also the foreshadowing of loneliness, to show us that when George must shoot Lennie, he has been destined to be alone, alike to the other characters. Even when he had Lennie he felt alone, and now without even a companionship he is still alone, playing his own solitary game of life. The game solitaire is a very structured game, ‘George laid out his deliberate solitaire hand – seven cards, and six on top, and five on top of those’ (Page 52). George may relate the game to how he would like his life to be. A structure set out with some outcomes relying on fate, but an independent game played by one individual. On the whole, the game of solitaire foreshadows loneliness mainly through the character of George but also through the minor actions of the other workmen at the ranch. The ranch is set a few miles from Soledad, California and is geographically isolated from other human contact, except for the workmen and Curley’s wife who also live on the premises of the ranch. The feeling of isolation is immediately set upon us as Steinbeck produces a description to collate a picture and collect evidence that the characters are bound to be lonely at the ranch. On the ranch there are only a few small places where the characters spend their time when they are not working. The bunkhouse is a very plain room where the workmen sleep, this is where George and Lennie have a few private conversations, along with other events such as the argument over candy’s dog, the game of solitaire being played and the deep conversations between George and fellow worker Slim. Crooks isn’t welcome in the bunkhouse by the other men and this becomes clear when Crooks says to Lennie in his barn, â€Å"I ain’t wanted in the bunkhouse, and you ain’t wanted in my room† (Page 68). Crooks lives in a small room off the barn where he keeps to himself, having little or no communication with anyone unless it is to do his job as the stable buck. When Lennie, and then soon after Candy, enter his room, Crooks is setback but still very suspicious of why they are bothering him, he tries to hide his confusion and maybe even contentment with anger, although Steinbeck says ‘It was difficult for crooks to conceal his pleasure with anger’ (Page 74). His room is very isolated from the other people on the ranch which leaves him lonely all the time. Another setting in the story that is mostly remote is the barn. The only people who visit the barn are Lennie, when he is petting his pup, and Curley’s Wife when she takes shade in there as it is cool. The barn is secluded to the other places on the ranch in that when Curley’s Wife screamed for help due to the actions Lennie had taken, her cries were too distant that none of the other men could hear her. This shows us that the author has even included the theme of loneliness and especially isolation when the different settings in Of Mice and Men where analysed. To summarise, Steinbeck has incorporated Loneliness as one of the many themes into the story, Of Mice and Men, in many different ways. These are, firstly in the name, as Soledad means Solitude which can also mean Loneliness. Also through the characters, such as their motives, way of life and personalities. The game solitaire is another representation and foreshadow of Loneliness as this is a game that the characters play, especially George, as an individual, solitary, man, which in reality he is not. Lastly, the settings, in and around the ranch such as the bunkhouse, the barn and Crooks’ room all relate to isolation and loneliness as this is where many acts of the idea surrounding loneliness take place and progress through the story. John Steinbeck has sufficiently and broadly shown us how the theme and idea of Loneliness flows throughout his book ‘Of Mice and Men’.

Human digestion Essay Example for Free

Human digestion Essay The salivary glands are the first to react in the digestive process, which are usually triggered by either the sight or the smell of food. Food enters the digestive tract through the mouth where the teeth, tongue, and salivary glands help moisten and break down the food within minutes. The food then becomes something called a bolus, which will travel through the pharynx, then through the esophagus, and into the stomach. As the food travels through the pharynx the epiglottis is in place to prevent food from entering the lungs. Once the bolus enters the stomach it is broken down with acid secretions. The food is partially digested within the stomach. The bolus then becomes chyme (a semiliquid food). Chyme usually leaves the stomach during a time frame of 2-6 hours. The small intestine is where most of the digestion and nutrient absorption takes place with the help of secretions from the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The small intestine consists of three parts: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. Anything that is not absorbed in the small intestine then enters the large intestine travelling through the sphincter. The sphincter prevents any of the remaining food from re-entering the small intestine. The large intestine is made up of two major parts: the colon and the rectum. The colon aids in the absorption of leftover water, vitamins, or minerals. Anything left over after this process is considered waste product (feces) and is then excreted from the body via the anus, which is attached to the colon. Reference Human Digestion Activity. Retrieved August 21, 2009 from http://corptrain.phoenix.edu/axia/sci241/sci241-digestivetract.html

Innovation And Open Innovation Concept Management Essay

Innovation And Open Innovation Concept Management Essay The concept of innovation is now widely used by the firms from many industries. Open Innovation is the approach where the firms use external ideas of innovation from the community and society as well as internal innovation. This approach can be achieved by the integration with customers, suppliers and also University-Industry collaboration. In Malaysia, open innovation paradigm is relatively new in adaptation event in manufacturing industry. The purpose of this research is to identify the implementation of open innovation on this research study is ICT, Automotive and Electronics sectors. The innovation process is the effective way of improving the company performances and at the same time increase the economic growth of the overall industries. The research method use is based on quantitative method research approach in term to identify types and methods used on implementing the open innovation in the manufacturing industries and also the impact of the implementation to the industries . Keyword: Open Innovation, Malaysia, Manufacturing, Industries. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Background of study Today, Open innovation are widely used and becoming the vital sources of progress in term of improving the industry performance especially by using the external sources of creativity and innovation. But In Malaysia, this paradigm is relatively new and the approach of Open Innovation is still difficult to accept. Innovation is one of the important mechanisms to the organizations in term to improve economic growth of the organization and increase the competitive advantages. Open Innovation is the paradigm that firstly described by Henry Chesbrough in his former book named as Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology, published in 2003. In the simply words, open innovation explained as a process where the firms use external ideas of innovation from the community and society as well as internal innovation. By the approach of Open Innovation in manufacturing industry, the process of innovation is become wider than using closed model of innovation where the organization only focus on the internal innovation and R D rather than external sources. From this paradigm, the travels of knowledge from the society and community as an external source to industry will bring the formation of openness of giving ideas and innovation. This research study is focus on the implementation of open innovation in Malaysian manufacturing industry. This study is center on the degree of Open Innovation in manufacturing industries that only involve sectors of ICT, Automotive and Electronics. Based on the open innovation paradigm, the research question is concentrated to what types and methods of open innovation that implemented in manufacturing industry? This research question is answered based on the Malaysian Manufacturing Companies perspective. Research question These are the research question that qualified for this research study: What is the type of Open Innovation implemented in these firms? What is the method of open innovation implemented in these firms? To what extent is Open Innovation implemented in these firms? Does the Open Innovation implementation differ for each cluster of manufacturing companies? Objectives Innovation is a significant method of improving and increase the performance and competitive advantages of the company and opening a change for the community and society to get involved in the innovation process. The objectives of this research study are stated as: To determine the type of Open Innovation adopted by Manufacturing Industry. To investigate the methods for open innovation adopted by these firms. To determine the extent of Open Innovation implementation in these manufacturing firms. To investigate whether the implementation of Open Innovation differ for each clusters on manufacturing firm. Scope of study This study is limited to only Malaysian Manufacturing Industries from Automotive, electronics and ICT. The scope of topic discusses on this study is about the extent of open innovation implementation on the Malaysian manufacturing industry. Limitation of study Although this research study has reached the aims, there were unavoidable limitations. First limitation of the study on this topic is the open innovation approach itself. As know that open innovation paradigm is relatively new approach on the Malaysia industry but there are still companies already applied the open innovation paradigm. Second, the limitation considered is because of the time limit, this research was conducted in short period of times to complete all the primary and secondary data. The last one is the lack of cooperation from the respondent. The method used on this research study is via survey that distribute to the random respondent from the identified focus group. Importance of study Manufacturing industry is the major entity of the economic growth rather than other sectors. It is important to improve the capabilities of manufacturing industry by innovation. Open Innovation mechanism is the best way to help manufacturing industry in term to improve their performance and competitive advantages. The importance of this study is to identify the best methods used on performing the open innovation on the manufacturing industries in Malaysia. This study also can discover the impact of Open Innovation to the firms as well as ICT, Automotive and Electronics industries. Summary The implementation of open innovation is already become worldwide paradigm which changes the ways of industrial and organization to improve their competitive advantages and core competencies. Open innovation also become medium and gives changes to community and society to get involved in sharing ideas and knowledge of innovation CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction On the chapter of literature review, the researcher is able to discuss about the theory and the paradigm of the research study. According to (Saunders, et al, 2012), critical (literature) review is the detailed and justified analysis and commentary of the merits and faults of the literature within a chosen area, which demonstrates familiarity with what is already known about your research topic. For this chapter, the sources of literature and theories that relevant with the research study are gathered from the books, journals, magazines, thesis, newspaper and online articles. Based on the topic addressed, the major theories that used to complete the study are the open innovation paradigm. On the open innovation theory, there are lots of disciplinary under this term. For this chapter, the researcher will first defined the theories of innovation, open innovation and overviews of Malaysian Manufacturing Industry; ICT, Automotive and Electronics sector. Innovation and open innovation concept Innovation is one of the important catalysts to the sustainable organizational growth and performance. The term of innovation is already used over the century ago and innovation meaning is focus more on the changes or improvement made by the organization either to their product/services, processes and paradigm. In simple words, innovation is described as a change that is made to the product and services and also to the process. Innovation has a significant relationship between technology and knowledge. In order to create add values and changes based on the innovation, the component of new knowledge is a vital sources. According to Allan Afuah (2003), the new knowledge can be technological or market related. Technological knowledge is knowledge of components, linkages between components, methods, processes, and technique that to go into a product or services. Market knowledge is the knowledge about the distribution channels, product applications and customer expectation, preferences, needs and wants (Afuah, A. 2003: 13). Innovation Innovation is the use of new technological and market knowledge to offer a new product or service that customer want and the new product must new, lower cost and the attributes of the product are improved with the attributes that never existed in the market before (Afuah, A. 2003). The concept of innovation also defined as the process of making changes of something established by introducing something new that adds value to customers and contributes to the knowledge store of the organization (OSullivan, D. and Dooley, L. 2009). There are four (4) broad categories of innovation called as 4Ps of Innovation (Tidd, J. et al, 2005): 1. Product Innovation where classify as change in the things (products or services) which an organization offers, 2. Process Innovation is the changes in the ways in which they are created and delivered, 3. Position Innovation is the changes made in the context in which the products or services are introduced, 4. Paradigm Innovation is changes in the underlying mental models which frame what the organization does. In innovation mechanism, there are two (2) types of static model of innovation which is the Radical Innovation and Incremental Innovation. Radical innovation is defined as major changes that are made in something established (OSullivan, D. and Dooley, L. 2009) and incremental innovation is the innovation that uses existing forms or technologies as a starting point. Both types of incremental and radical innovation affect the technological and market-related competencies of a firm in different ways (Herzog, P. 2011: 10). Open Innovation For the open innovation theory, this theory is firstly described by Henry Chesbrough. Open innovation is a paradigm that assumes that firms can and should use external ideas as well as internal ideas, and internal and external paths to market, as the firms look to advance their technology (Chesbrough, H, 2006). The paradigm of open innovation leads the research development to an open system. Open Innovation denotes, on the one hand, the use of external and internal knowledge sources to accelerate internal innovation and, on the other hand, the use of external paths to markets for internal knowledge (Chesbrough, H. 2006). On the modern worlds nowadays, most of everything in industry are made using machines and advance technology. So that, the production of new products and services are fast and also can be produced in huge amounts. In retailing, the advances in computing and communications are bringing retailers into closer contact with their customers as well as their suppliers, enabling them to provide more variety with fewer inventories than ever before (Chesbrough, H. 2006). On the modern era, Innovation paradigm has shift from the closed model of innovation to open innovation model (Chesbrough, H. et al. 2005). The closed innovation model is the paradigm where the process leading to innovation is completely controlled; all the Intellectual property is developed internally and kept within the company frontiers until the new products is released on the market (Meige, A. 2009). Figure : The model of Closed Innovation In case of closed model of innovation, the firm has to rely heavily on their internal core competencies and potential as a result of right of intellectual property. According to Philipp Herzog (2011), the implicit rules of closed innovation described as follows: A firm should hire the best and smartest people. Profiting from innovative efforts requires a firm to discover, develop, and market everything itself. Being first to market requires that research discoveries originate within the own firm. Being first to market also ensures that the firm will win the competition. Leading the industry in RD investments results in coming up with the best and most ideas and eventually in winning the competition. Restrictive Intellectual Property management must prevent other firms from profiting from the firms ideas and technologies. Figure : The Model of Open Innovation In open innovation models, the firms used the external sources technologies and knowledge to improve the internal innovation process and the firm also capable to commercialize the internal innovation via their own distribution channel by external pathways. The open innovation principle is the contrast and reflected to the closed innovation model. The principle of open innovation is shown as follows (Herzog, P. 2011: 22): A firm does not need to employ all the smart people, but rather work with them inside and outside the firm. Internal innovation activities are needed to claim some of the significant value which can be created by external innovation efforts. In order to win the competition, it is more important to have the better business model than getting to market first. Winning the competition does not require coming up with the best and most ideas, but to make the best use of internal and external ideas. Proactive Intellectual Property management allows other firms to use the firms Intellectual Property. It also considers to buy other firms Intellectual Property whenever it advances the own business model. The model of closed innovation on the present time are steadily eroded because of the several of reason such as when the employees of some company changes their jobs, they will bring together the knowledge and the knowledge then will flows from one firm to another. It is contrast to the open innovation model where the knowledge can be shared and gathered by the community and society that not directly involved with the organization. Malaysian manufacturing Industry The rate of Malaysian economic growth on the manufacturing industries increase rapidly since 1980s impact from the economic transition from agriculture based economy to an industrial-based economy. Economic transition occurs because of the awareness of the existing ability on the country. This mechanism can reduce the dependencies on the import sector of Malaysia to other countries and starting develop own national based technology sectors in term to bring a growth to the Malaysian economy. Manufacturing industries is the one of effort by the Malaysian government on their Ninth (9th) Malaysian Plan in term to emphasize the importance of up scaling manufacturing industry and related services. The government authorities that in-charge on leading and driving the expansion of manufacturing activities is the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). The others agencies and ministries are also playing important roles in improving the national manufacturing industries including Malaysia External Trade Development Corporation (MATRADE), Malaysian Investment Development Authority (MIDA), Small and Medium Industries Development Corporation (SMDEC), Ministry of Entrepreneur and Cooperative Development and Ministry of Science. In this modern era, the development of manufacturing industries in Malaysia is improving a lot especially on the sectors of ICT, Automotive and electronics sectors. There are lots of efforts contributed by the private and government sectors in term to improve enhance the development of ICT, automotive and electronics industries in Malaysia. Adaptation of open innovation on Malaysian manufacturing industry This research study is focused on the investigation for open innovation implementation on the Malaysian manufacturing industry. The researcher is required to determine the manufacturing firms that involved in application of open innovation concept on their organizations. The random firms are selected from three (3) different sectors: ICT, Automotive and Electronics. In adapting the model of open innovation, there are various forms of collaboration identified for implementing the knowledge of innovation from the external sources. Eric von Hippel (1988) identified four external sources of useful knowledge: 1. Suppliers and customers, 2. University, Government and private laboratories, 3. Competitors and 4.Other nations. For this research study, the forms of collaboration are centered to the three (3) forms of collaboration specifically the Customer integration, supplier integration and university-industry collaboration (Parida, V. et al., 2009). Inbound versus outbound innovation In the open innovation concept, inbound open innovation refers to internal use of external knowledge and outbound open innovation is the external exploitation of internal knowledge (Huizingh, E. 2011: 4) and this mechanism relates to the three (3) knowledge process of exploration, retention and exploitation that can be performed either inside or outside the forms boundaries (Lichtenthaler and Lichtenthaler, 2009). The inbound open innovation or known as outside-in innovation process are using the concept of integration on external knowledge with the suppliers, customers, research institutes and universities. The outbound open innovation or called as inside-out is different than inbound concept where the firms will selling intellectual property and bringing their internal ideas to market by sharing them to outside environment (Huizingh, E, 2011: 27). The best example of inbound open innovation activities are technology scouting, horizontal technology collaboration, vertical technology collaboration, and technology sourcing. For the outbound open innovation the example is external technology commercialization. Conceptual Framework Figure : conceptual framework of the research topic Summary On chapter of literature review, the researcher is responsible to describe and explain about the theories that related to the topic of research study. The researcher has explained the definition and concept of traditional innovation and open innovation paradigm. This chapter also describe about the relationship between the manufacturing industries and open innovation. CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY Introduction On this chapter, the research design methodology used on this research study will be described and explained. Research methodology refers to the theory of how the research should be undertaken (Saunders et al, 2012). The researcher will discuss and describe all the information related with the method used on the research study in term of obtaining and gathering the data collection. On chapter 3 (methodology), the method used due to gathering information of primary and secondary data are described and explained. Along with chapter 2, the researcher will determined the type of design method used to get the data of primary data and secondary data to answer the research question of the research study. Chapter 3 consists six (6) sections; Research design, research design method, data collection, location of study, research strategy and reliability, generalizability and validity. Research Design Research design is the general plan of the way on answering the research questions. According to Saunders et al., (2012) research design is the frame work for the collection and analysis of data to answer research question and meet research objectives providing reasoned justification for choice of data sources, collection methods and analysis techniques. Figure : Structure and Outline of the research study Research Design Method For this research topic study, the method of study implemented is the mono method of quantitative study. The quantitative analysis method as well as survey on this research study is significant in order to obtaining the primary data from the respondents. Quantitative method is The respondents are randomly selected from the main focus group (ICT, automotive and electronics) to answering the question related to the implementation of Open Innovation on Malaysian manufacturing industries. Primary and Secondary Data Sources Primary data is the data collected specifically for the research project that being undertaken by the researcher (Saunders et al, 2012). The primary data mostly collected from the several ways such as observations, experiments, surveys and interviews (Pervez Ghauri and Gronhaug, K. 2005: 102). The method used by the researcher in acquiring the primary data is by the survey that will be distributed to the random respondents of the focus group. The data and information are then collected and analyze by researcher to obtain result. According to the Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie (2010), the secondary data is the data that have already been gathered by previous researchers, data published in statistical and other journals and information available from any published or unpublished source available either within or outside the organization, all of which might be useful to the researcher. For the secondary data collection, researcher gathers the data from the reading of the related previous study, books, and journals and as well as articles. The secondary data also being gathered from the internet sources. Location of Study The focus of this study is on Malaysian manufacturing Industry that implements the Open Innovation approach. The location of research is narrowed further to the ICT, Automotive and electronics industries in Malaysia. The locations that are choose for this research is not specified because the firms of ICT, Automotive and Electronics in Malaysia are spread around. The random of respondents are selected based on the focus areas of study (ICT, Automotive and Electronics) to answer the research question related to the research study. The respondents are choosing from the different divisions of the firms. Research Strategy Based on (Saunders et al, 2012), research strategy is the general plan of how the researcher will go about to answering the research question of the topic. For this research study, the method used to gather the data collection is via the survey method. The details of research strategy are shows as follows: Survey Method On this research study, survey approach is used for data collection. The surveys will be distributed following the specified of sample to the respondents from the focus groups of the research topic. By using the survey method, the researcher can collect many different kinds of information related to the topic study and this method also quick, low cost compared to observation and experimental method. Preparing the Survey The research study is using the quantitative method where the survey is used to obtain the information and data. The question on the survey is constructed based on the research question and objectives of the study. This survey is conducted to identify the implementation of open innovation in ICT, automotive and electronics industry. The respondents are staff or employees from the industries. Survey research design The approach of using survey method is suitable for this research study for gathering descriptive information and data. For survey method there is several way of conducting the survey such as: 1. Structured surveys the formal list of questions use and asked all the respondents in the same way, 2. Unstructured surveys the researcher investigate the respondents and guide the interview according to respondents answers (Kothari, C.R., 1985). The survey research method also can be conducted either direct or indirect. The direct approach of survey is where the researcher asks direct questions about behavior and thought of the respondents. Meanwhile the indirect approach, the requester will asks indirect question and the researcher then may be able to discover the main point. Sampling Sample is a segment of population selected to represent the population as a whole. The researcher must determine the sample design for survey method based on type of information is needed, who will be the focus group and which sample size reliable for the result (large sample or small samples). For sampling, the researcher may select sample members randomly from the entire population (probability sample) or the researcher may select people who are easier to obtain information from the population (nonprobability). Reliability, validity and generalizability Reliability is the extent to which data collection technique or techniques will yield consistent findings, similar observations would be made or conclusions reached by other researchers or there is transparency in how sense was made from the raw data (Saunders, M. 2012). According to Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Andrian Thornhill (2012), generalizability is the extent to which the findings of a research study are applicable to other settings. Summary In summary, this chapter explains about the method used by the researcher in research study to obtain data and information. Researchers using quantitative method in this research study where the data and information are collected by the survey that distributed to the respondents and then the data will be analyze to obtain result. This chapter also includes the research design and research strategy also. The validity, generalizability and reliability of this research study is being discussed.

The USA Immigration Problem Essay -- Immgration Immigrants Population

The USA Immigration Problem Immigration is a major problem facing the U.S. today. Hundreds of thousands of immigrants flock to this country every year. Some legally, others illegally. Some are escaping from religious and political oppression while others come to seek out the "American Dream". Either way they are causing nationwide problems. Non-English speaking workers take jobs away from American people because they will work for cheaper wages. Illegal immigrants receive welfare and health care and the money to fund this comes straight from us, the citizens of the United States. Some limitations have to be put on the number of immigrants allowed each year and much stricter border patrols must be installed. Harsher punishments and frequent checks are necessary to keep corporations from hiring illegal aliens. We need to do something about this problem before its to late.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The number of legal immigrants should definitely be lowered to a much more reasonable number. Right now, an average of over 600,000 legal immigrants are granted access to the country. I believe this number should be cut in half. We need to focus on problems facing American citizens, such as poverty, AIDS, cancer, and unemployment. We don't need 300,00 more people to deal with, we have enough problems with the currents population.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I don't think certain ethnic groups should be give preference over another group but I think educated workers who can speak English should be gran...

Australia Essay -- essays research papers

The name of Australia comes from the Latin word Australis, which means southern. Since it lies entirely in the southern hemisphere, Australia is most commonly referred to as â€Å"down under†. Australia, being a country, is also a continent. In land area it’s the sixth largest for a country and the smallest continent.Australia is a very dry, thinly populated country. Very few coastal areas receive enough rainfall to support a large population. The largest group of Australian people live in two large cities, Sydney and Melbourne. The vast interior is mainly desert or grassland and there are very few settlements. As a whole, the country has a density of six people per square mile.The down under is famous for vast wide-open spaces, bright sunshine, bikini-clad beauties, enormous numbers of sheep and cattle, and unusual wildlife. Kangaroos, Koalas, platypuses, and wombats are a few of the erotic animals that live here.Australia was originally settled by Great Britain as a prison colony in the late 1700’s, so now most Australian people are of British ancestry. The immigrants brought all the customs too, such as driving on the left side of the road and their favorite warm drink, tea. They also speak English as the official language with their own Australian terms.CLIMATEThe northern third of the Australian continent lies in the tropics and is warm or hot year round. The rest of the country lies south of the tropics and has warm summers and mild cool winters. The rainfall is seasonal in Australia.In the wet season, heavy downpours and violent storms cause floods. But the droughts that plague the nation are far more serious than any flood. Just about every section of Australia has a drought in the dry season. These droughts cause severe water shortages and cause the need for dramatic conservation laws as well as droughts there is also brush fires.Rivers in Australia are one of its most vital resources. They supply the cities and towns with the much-needed water. They also supply the farms with irrigation water. Though the rivers are dry most of the year, dams and reservoirs keep water during the dry season.Australia can basically be split into 3 parts-the eastern highlands, central lowlands, and the western plateau.The highlands consist mainly of high plateaus and broken-in places by hills, low mountain ridges, and gorges. Grasses or forest cover most of the plate... ... all of their traditions but were excluded from society until 1967 when the Australian Constitution was changed so Aborigines got to vote and to have service benefits.GREAT BARRIER REEFAlong the northwest coast of Australia lies the Great Barrier Reef, the largest group of reefs in the world. This chain consists of about 2,500 reefs. In all, the reefs are also many small islands that extend for about 1,200 miles. It lies around 10 to 100 miles from the Australian coasts.Coral reefs are limestone formations that lie under the sea or just above the surface. The Great Barrier Reef is made up of a coral of dead hardened animals call polyps, which are attached to the reef. The diameter of the polyps is about 1 to 12 inches. The polyps are extremely colorful, just as all the sea animals that live there.The Great Barrier Reef supports about 400 species of polyps, about 1,500 species of fish and several kinds of birds. Giant clams, sea turtles, and crabs also live in the reef. The warm waters around the reef and the sheer beauty attract swimmers, skin divers and tourists from all over the world.Australia is truly a magnificently beautiful place with many different climates and cultures.

Time Square Essay -- American History, New York, Tourists

Today, Times Square is seen as a tourist attraction with people traveling to the United States from all over the world to visit New York. Times Square did not always have the glamorous portrayal it has in movies today. In the early twentieth century, Times Square was not a pleasant place and the sounds one would hear would be a lot different from today’s sounds. In the 1920s Times Square had a brief heyday, from thriving entertainment and being the center of flashy commercial advertising, but Prohibition caused many downfalls in the entertainment industry, forcing theaters and nightclubs to close. Times Square was full of nightclubs and theaters, so as the demand lowered because of the limitation of serving alcohol, these venues needed to adapt their business to continue to bring in customers. Most theaters started to add rooftop gardens, cabarets, and restaurants that can maintain the long hour shifts for extra income (Reichl 53). During the â€Å"1927/1928 theater season, seventy-six theaters were operating in the greater Times Square theater district, but within a decade the number had dropped to thirty-three,† with none of the theaters on 42nd street in operation by the end of the 1930s (Reichl 56). Eventually, theaters had to resort to other forms of entertainment; certain parts of Times Square were known for the peep shows, burlesque clubs, and video stores (McNamara 20). With a new crowd of people coming to see this type of entertainment, there were different sounds heard on the streets of Times Square then heard today. Outside of the theaters one would hear the chatter about the pornographic film being shown, hustlers trying to pick people up for a few hours, and mass transit passing by. A few decades later, the do... ...ainment attractions and sharing in the booming tourist economy of Times Square† (Reichl 160). Kids and adults now enjoy the theatrical performances of many Disney classics along 42nd Street and can end the visit by visiting the two-storey Disney Store to purchase various Disney trademarked items. Most people do not realize the history of 42nd Street when they are passing by because they hear the speakers playing the soundtracks to shows, people selling tickets in the box office as well as scalpers trying to find tickets, and anxious kids waiting for the show to begin. The tourist area that 42nd Street has become is flourishing all because of Disney and how the officials looked passed the dingy look and negative views of 42md Street. Instead of focusing on the looks and negativity, Disney looked at this project as a business venture with a big picture aspect.