Cognitivism and Postmodernism in Rushmore Essay

Cognitivism and Postmodernism in Rushmore - Essay Example My contention is that Wes Anderson makes use of the cognitivisim and postmodernism theories in Rushmore to highlight his characters in a manner that is food for thought about placing the movie in only â€Å"teen comedy† genre. In psychology, the cognitivist hypothesis fundamentally contends that there is a need to open and critically analyse and understand the â€Å"black box† of the mind. In a way, the person undergoing this learning process is taken to be like a computer processor that processes the data provided to it. (Kracauer, 1960) While the cognitivist hypothesis took over from behaviourism in the second half of the twentieth century, it is relevant to serious students of psychology and media studies to this day. The idea is that our human mind is complex and only upon a close look at the way it functions and the thoughts and processes that actually make a person are we able to determine what drives a person and how human beings work. (Bazin, 2004) Moreover the changes that a person experiences in ones behaviour come about due to certain actions that take place and which in turn formulate the person’s thoughts. Cognitivism, hence, is essential in allowing researchers to learn about outcomes of human thoughts and experiences. Rushmore makes an interesting study of this technique, in the form of not only the protagonist, Max, but also Herman Blume, the depressed, rich, industrialist, among other characters. Early on in the movie the audience is treated to a montage of extracurricular activities that Max is involved in at Rushmore. The montage is itself quite telling of the way Max considers things to be fleeting and haphazard – even though he’s on a scholarship at Rushmore, he is one of the most unsuccessful students at this private institute and thus enrols in activities that border on the crazy. It also goes to show the disconnection Max experiences with the world he is a part of. (Kempley, 1999) Things that his fellow students and friends take seriously or consider important in life find are of little interest to him. Max goes on record to tell everyone that his father is a neurosurgeon – it may appear to be a harmless lie (his father is actually a barber) but this lie is another element that cements the fantasy world that Max participates in and would like to see as the truth. The unusual friendship that strikes between Max and Blume is extremely telling, not only in relation to the two characters but also of the American society on the whole. As earlier mentioned, Rushmore is more than just a ‘teen comedy’, it takes pains to highlight the way teenagers are acknowledged in the society as well as the consequences of issues silently eating away a person and ones inability to do anything about it. (Arnold, 1999) Anderson makes use of the postmodernist technique in this effect to give greater meaning to his film. The articulation of postmodernist ideas through visual medium is w hat categorizes a postmodernist film. Generally the characterization and narrative structure conventions are disrupted in a manner that also disrupts the willing ‘suspension of disbelief’ that the audience puts itself under while watching a film. (Denzin, 1991) The friendship between Max and Blume is unusual on a number of accounts. Firstly, they have a good amount of age difference in between, but that’s not everything. As the film progresses, through small telling actions, it becomes apparent that Blume seems in Max the energy of

The European Union and NAFTA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The European Union and NAFTA - Assignment Example The union which includes among other countries the United Kingdom, Netherlands, Germany, Greece, Austria, Denmark, and Finland was established in the early 1950s (Bomberg, Peterson & Corbett 2012, p. 6). The six founding members of the union include West Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Luxembourg, France, and Belgium. The union is basically an organization that brings together member states for political and economic reasons. The EU operates through intergovernmental negotiations and is governed by a number of supranational independent institutions (Bomberg, Peterson & Corbett 2012, p. 15). The main institutions that govern the union include the European Central Bank, the European Council, the European Commission, and the European Parliament, just to name a few (Corbett, Jacobs, Shackleton 2011, p. 7). The European Union traces its roots to the period following the Second World War when six countries sought to join forces with the aim of prevention the possibility of war between the mselves (McCormick 2007, p. 64). Under the European Coal and Steel Community banner, the member states agreed to pool national heavy industries thereby eliminating potential conflicts relating to the scramble for raw materials (Bomberg, Peterson & Corbett 2012, p. 18). ... In 1993, the European Union was formally established with the signing of the Maastricht Treaty. Ever since the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Community has continued to expand in size and, therefore, power. The European Union has seen its member states cooperate in various ways (Smith 2007, p. 63). At least 12 of the countries have fully adopted the Euro as their national currency, a factor that has seen the easy flow of trade activities between the member countries. Other states use the Euro together with their national currencies to effect transactions. The Union demands that member countries fulfil a number of conditions before they can be formally admitted to the organization (Bomberg, Peterson & Corbett 2012, p. 45). By its demand that member countries and potential members be politically stable and have a democratic government that respects the rule of law and human rights, the union is effectively playing a major role in establishing deep rooted democracy in the region and beyond (Bindi 2010, p.45; Barnard 2007, p. 83). The European Union and the United States of America cooperate in a number of fronts. However, there are cases when the two powers engage in tussles which see them grace the corridors of the World Trade Centre to seek resolutions to their disputes. Considering the need for greater cooperation in terms of trade, the two bodies have been considering instituting a formal agreement that will see them enjoy free trade between themselves (Sutton 2013, par. 1). In this respect, the Transatlantic Free Trade Area (TAFTA), which is currently at a proposal stage, is intended to bring together the two

Nat Traversal For Video Streaming Applications Information Technology Essay

Nat Traversal For Video Streaming Applications Information Technology Essay Video streaming is considering one of the famous technologies which is used today. It provides the ability to playback video files remotely through computer networks. The demand for this technology is rapidly increasing due to wide spread of Internet and increasing of the network bandwidth[1] While HTTP protocol uses one TCP port at the transport layer, RTP can use many ports. RTP can use UDPs or TCPs ports at the transport layer depending on how much the packet path is suffered from packet loss [2]. In low packets loss environment, the use of RTP over UDP protocol is preferable, since in media streaming, the small ratio of packets loss better than packets delay. Hence, the higher reliability of the TCP is not desired[3]. UDP/RTP has also the multicasting feature and has the ability to deal with real time communication due to its features in bandwidth, jitter, reliability and end nodes processing. RTP/TCP can cause the video streaming to suffer from discontinuity because the need to retransmission and reordering the packets, whereas RTP/UDP can suffer from dropping the packets by some filters (firewalls) in the Internet Service Provider (ISPs). Some ISPs drop UDP packets because they are connectionless hence unfair against TCP traffic. They also need high processing power and memory to ensure security [4]. But the main issue that can occur is when using the RTP with the Network Address Translation (NAT). NAT drops any RTP/UDP or RTP/TCP packets that are initialized from the outside (Internet) when incoming to the end-systems (behind the NAT). The NAT is a technology that permits many computers on the same network to share a public Internet Protocol (IP) address for accessing the Internet. The main reason behind the wide spread of using the NAT is the limited number of the available IPv4 addresses [5]. The use of RTP/UDP or RTP/TCP video streaming is started with a TCP connection that is established by a request from the client to the server, after initial negotiation using the RTSP protocol on the same established TCP channel, the server starts video streaming through UDP or TCP ports initialized from the server not through the original RTSP/TCP channel [2]. The NAT permits to pass the outgoing connections requests from a host behind the NAT into the outside network (like Internet) [6], however it does not permit to pass any connection request from the outside network (like Internet) to any host behind the NAT [7]. This is because the translation table entry is constructed only when a client (behind the NAT) initializes a request to connect to a host on the outside network (Internet) [8], [9]. If the initialized request came from a host on the outside network of the NAT into the inside network, the NAT cannot identify the destination host for this request and the connection between the outside host and the inside one cannot be occur [8], [10]. Regarding to the RTP/UDP video streaming, the NAT will not allow the UDP video streaming channels to pass to the client behind the NAT, since the RTP/UDP channels are initially established from the server (on the Internet). Considering the RTP weakness points, the HTTP protocol, is the preferable choice for video streaming. However, HTTP protocol also has known weakness points: the user can suffer from quality reduction and playback discontinuity due to the probing behaviour of TCP protocol. This can also cause an oscillating throughput and slow recovery of the packet rate. In contrast, the UDP protocol provides a mean to keep the desired sending rate constant. It also keeps streaming smooth and eliminates the TCP related processing. This paper presents a novel method to utilize the benefits of both TCP and UDP. The proposed method enables NAT traversal by converting each RTP/UDP and RTCP/UDP packet into fake TCP packet just before being sent (at data link layer) by adding a fabricated TCP header before each UDP video streaming packet and making the necessary modifications to the length and checksums fields. These fabricated TCP packets will pass the NAT, since they will be transmitted on the channel (IP, TCP port) that firstly initialized (RTSP/TCP channel) by the client behind the NAT. In this paper, this channel is called the active channel. The receiver, on the other side has to restore the original UDP packet before being processed by the corresponding transport layer. The restoration is based on a specific signature. In order to restore the packets, every fabricated TCP packet has to have a known signature. Depending on that signature, the receiver will restore the original packet. All of the previous changes are performed at the data link layer. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: section II, looks at some related work. In section III, the proposed methodology and algorithm are presented. In section IV, the experiments of the implemented proposed method and its discussions are described. In section V, the evaluation of the proposed method and comparisons between the proposed method and the existing technologies are presented. The paper is concluded is section VI. Related work Limited to our knowledge, no many similar works are presented. However, [4] present a method to overcome the RTP/UDP issues by putting a proxy server between the client and the streaming server (at the global network). The proxy receives a HTTP request (TCP) from the client and translates it to a RTSP/RTP request to the server (TCP+UDP). The proxy has two different connections (one for the client and the other for the streaming serve). The main function of the proxy is to translate the HTTP streaming protocol into RTSP/RTP streaming protocol. This can overcome the NAT problem due to that the HTTP request (TCP) is initialized by the client and the reply will pass through the same TCP port. However a third device is needed. In addition it is still using the constraints of the TCP between the proxy and the client (e.g. retransmission and reordering à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc) (in addition to the increase of traffic to the network). Another issue is that there are too many operations in order to convert a complete application protocol into another one. Beside, this method loses the real time property that is needed for end to end communication because all the packets mush be forwarded at the proxy server. Proposed Methodology In this work, both the client and the server are assumed to convert all the RTP/UDP streaming packets into fabricated TCP packets that can be sent to the other side using the active channel. This fabrication process which is implemented for Windows Operating System (OS) requires a full control of the incoming/outgoing packets. However, there is the issue of source code of the TCP/IP (non open source for Windows OS) is not readily accessible and Windows does not allow the manipulation of the packets in any TCP/IP protocol suite from level above the TCP/IP driver layer. To overcome the inaccessibility issue, a hooking technique is used in order to control the (frame/packet) at the point that links between the protocol driver and the NIC card(s), which is represented by the Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS). Hooking is a technique that can convert the calling of one operating system function into a new one that in turn calls the original one. The new function can do extra job before moving the execution to the original. This can be done without the need for the source code of the original [11]. The proposed modules is implemented and run in windows user mode. When the module can hook the NDIS, it can monitor, control, add, and modify the NDIS incoming/outgoing packets easily. The NDIS-Hooking driver inserts itself between TCP/IP and all of the adapters that bind with it as shown in figure (1). Figure 1. NDIS hooking driver with relation to user mode When TCP/IP sends a packet, it reaches the NDIS-Hooking driver (as a frame) before sending to the adapter. Likewise, packets that are to be indicated (received) on TCP/IP will go to the NDIS-Hooking driver first. The fabricated TCP header is inserted/deleted in the data link frame, this means that the original RTP/UDP protocol is used without modification. Nonetheless the fabricated packets can still bypass the NAT as authenticated ones. Figure 2. Proposed frame structure As these extra bytes (fabricated TCP header) will add when the packet is in the data link layer, this may cause the packet to exceed the Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU) of the network. Since, no packet must exceed the Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU) of the network [12], [13], therefore, the senders MTU must be decreased by length of the fabricated TCP header length (20 bytes). The whole proposed system is composed of two main modules. The first module resides on the streaming client while the second resides on the streaming server. Figure (3) shows the video streaming network topology. Figure 3. Video streaming network topology Each module consists of the following components: A component (hooking function in Fig. 1) that makes the access to the frame at the data link layer. This component accesses the frames in data link layer which is in the kernel mode and moves it into the user mode and vice versa. A component that finds the required frame based on its content. This component extracts the specified packets from the frames which have to be changed (fabricated/restored) depending on sending direction (income/outcome). A component that makes the required modifications (fabricating/restoring) to the predetermined packets. This component changes the predetermined packets depending the sending direction (send/receive). In sending, the component changes the RTP/UDP packet into fabricated TCP packet. In receiving, the component restores the fabricated TCP packet into its original RTP/UDP content. This component also re-computes length and checksums. Client Side Module As mentioned earlier, the module has to access the kernel (at data link layer). This is done by accessing the NDIS driver. The module listens until a packet event has occurred. There are two possible scenarios: Incoming packet: If the packet is coming from the streaming server, then the program will look for the TCP that contains an RTSP packet. If this RTSP packet contains both the clients and servers streaming ports, then record this connections information into an array. This is happened normally at the setup phase of the RTSP connection. Later (when the RTP packet used), the client will check every TCP packet if it contains a specified signature. If this signature is raised (in the TCP header), this mean that this TCP packet is fabricated and it contains the original RTP/UDP packet. The program will remove the TCP header and recomputed the UDP and IP checksums. All these steps are done before sending the packet to the rest of TCP/IP protocol stack Outgoing packet: If the packet is outgoing to the streaming server and the outgoing packet was a RTP/UDP packet, then insert a new fabricated TCP header before the UDP header. This fabricated TCP header contains the TCP connection information taken from the appropriate record from an array containing all streaming connections details. This TCP header also contains a specified signature that has to been recognized from the streaming server in order to return the packet back to its original RTP/UDP packet. This operation also needs to recompute the checksums. All these steps are done before sending the packet to the adapter. Figure 4 shows the flowchart of client side module. Figure 4. Flowchart of the client side module Server Side Module In server side module, steps similar to the client are also implemented. The difference is that the system gets the RTSP connections details from the outgoing TCP packet instead of incoming TCP packet in the client. Figure (5) shows the flowchart of the main steps of the server module. Figure 5. Flowchart of the server side module Experiments and discussions Experiments Setup In this experiment, we use three PCs running windows XP. Two PCs with one LAN card (client and the server). The other PC (working as a NAT) contains two LAN cards. RedMug streaming server commercial software is used on the server site. The VLC media player (version 1.0.5) is used on the client side. The VLC media player is set to use the RTSP protocol by giving a URL of one movie on the streaming server. The proposed method (client and server modules) is implemented in VC++.Net Framework and it is running in windows OS environment in user mode. A windows device driver (Windows Packet Filter Kit winpkfilter 3.0 from NT Kernel Resources, http://www.ntkernel.com) is used for the hooking purpose. Experimental Results and Discussion In the first experiment (before using the proposed method), the client tries to access the movie on the streaming server using the above system configuration. The connections establishment and the video streaming negotiations between the client and the server are established normally. However, the connection fails at the stage of data streaming transformation (see Fig. 6). Figure 6. Connection breakdown when data streaming transforming began (server side) The reason for the success of the initialization of the client-server connection and all the negotiations needed to transfer the video streaming are that the connection request is a TCP and the initialization is coming from the client (behind the NAT) and the video streaming negotiations are done by the RTSP that uses the active channel. However, the client could not receive the video streaming data since the NAT dropped the RTP/UDP video streaming packets. The client then sends a teardown command to inform the server that the negotiation is over. The client starts one additional negotiation tries before it close the connection. In the second experiment, we used the proposed clients and server modules. After running, the two modules start monitoring the data link frames. The client monitors the outgoing streaming request while the server monitors the incoming streaming request. When the client request a video streaming from the server, The connections establishment and the video streaming negotiations between the client and the server are established normally and the client starts to display the video streaming data as shown if figure (7A and 7B). FEATURE HTTP RTP/TCP RTP/UDP PROPOSED METHOD Directional Bidirectional Bidirectional Uniary Uniary Playback hiccups Yes Yes No No Quality Reductions Yes Yes No No Oscillating throughput Yes Yes No No Slow recovery Yes Yes No No ISP firewall Traverse Traverse Blocked Traverse NAT traversal Yes No No Yes End-to-End Delay Long Long Short Short Window buffer and reordering Yes Yes No No Streaming method Downloading or progressive Streaming Streaming Streaming Figure 7A. Connection still active when the data streaming are transforming (server side) Figure 8B. Video streaming is displayed in the client (behind the NAT) When negotiation is captured, the host records the connection details: IP, TCP port and the streaming UDP ports. The host will insert the fabricated TCP header (after the UDP header) in the video streaming packet before sending it. The reason for the success of transforming the streaming data is that the sending host converts each streaming UDP packet into a fabricated TCP packet that bypasses the NAT because it uses the active channel. The receiving host in turn restores the fabricated TCP packet into the UDP streaming data at the data link layer before sending it to the upper layer. Evaluation A comparison between our proposed method and the existing technologies is presented in Table 1. The proposed method has several advantages over the existing technologies, although the new packet size is 20 bytes larger than the normal RTP/UDP packet, but less compared with the HTTP. This has a little impact on the network performance. The proposed method can traverse the video streaming over all types of NAT. It can also traverse the firewall that blocks the UDP ports that RTP may use, common with home Internet gateway. Streaming might fail at times even if the gateway has a built-in RTSP NAT. Reference [4] utilizes the two streaming protocols separately by using a third device (proxy) between the client and server (every side with whole streaming protocol advantages and disadvantages), the proposed method utilizes the benefits of the RTP and HTTP protocols without using any extra device. Table I. CURRENT AND PROPOSED METHOD COMPARISON Conclusion The two main transport layer protocols: TCP and UDP can be used in streaming but with the whole advantages and disadvantages of using that protocol. In this paper, a new method is presented and implemented that can merge some advantages of both protocols. It enables the client and server to use UDP advantages in each side for streaming. Both client and server gains scalability by not having to deal with some TCP processing feature (e.g. Acknowledgement and window buffering à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc). In the other hand, utilize the benefit of the TCP advantages to traverse the NAT and the firewall. In other words, the stream is not discarded and traverses the NAT and the firewall. The experimental results show that the new method achieves the firewall traversal and Nat traversal even with the most difficult NAT (symmetric NAT).

Media Portrayal of Environmental Risk Essay -- essays research papers

Media Portrayal of Environmental Risk: Dissemination or Delusion? Transmission of ideas and information through media avenues like television and the press are the predominant means by which much of contemporary culture and the developed world obtain vital information. The media has an enormous impact on the public’s conceptualization of ideals: societal perceptions are shaped by the information made available to us through the different venues of media. Examining how the transmittal of information regarding environmental risk is disseminated by the media and accepted by society exposes an evident quandary. The media repeatedly broadcasts data that instead of informing people with beneficial news adversely invokes situations of tumult and unnecessary fear. Ramifications of the fictitious diffusion of information about environmental risks, or non-risks, to society include more than just the proliferation of misinformation. Circulation of wrongful environmental risk data has detrimental effects on businesses, industry and economy. Misinforming people about environmental risk undermines policies and government actions that are based on media hype or contentious scientific information. Abating the problematic and detrimental tendency of media misconstruing information about environmental risks will require a multifaceted collaboration between the media, the public, government and the scientific community. A problem complicating environmental policy and risk reporting is largely attributable to media players, politicians and scientists overstepping their boundaries into realms they are not qualified to operate in. Scientists must avoid getting involved in the environmental policy debate. Conversely, politicians must not attempt to reason on scientifically sensitive issues as if they are scientists. Risk is defined as the severity of the consequences of an accident or a hazard like a toxin multiplied by the probability of its occurrence. Risks will exist indefinitely however we attempt to reduce risk by either reducing the probability or severity of the hazard. (Bahr, 1997) People must learn, including the media, to â€Å"balance the risks and thus steer a safe course through the potential minefield known as life†. The process by which people perceive risk is dependent on what knowledge they attain and what information is made available. (Neely, 1994) Thus th... ...sic Science of Poisons (pp. 75-88). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Friedman, S. (1996). The Media, Risk Assessment and Numbers: They don’t Add Up. RISK: Health, Safety & Environment, Franklin Pierce Law Center. Retrieved March 20, 2005 from http://www.piercelaw.edu/risk/vol5/summer/friedman.htm Gough, M. â€Å"Which Environmental Risks Are Worth Addressing?† Resource Development Council for Alaska, Inc. [Speech]. Cato Institute. 22 November, (1996). Retrieved April 18, 2005 from http://www.cato.org/speeches/sp-mg112296.html Neely, W. B., (1994). Introduction to Chemical Exposure and Risk Assessment. Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC Rosenbaum, W. (2005). Environmental Politics and Policy. Washington DC: CQ Press Salvato, J. A., (1992). Environmental Engineering and Sanitation (Environmental   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Science and Technology). Canada: John Wiley & Sons Society of Professional Journalists Code of Ethics. (1996) Retrieved April 12, 2005, from http://www.spj.org/ethics_code.asp Time’s Schneider Resigns; Will Be Michigan Land Use Advocate. (1995, May) Environment Writer, 7 (2) Retrieved on April 19, 2005, from http://www.nsc.org/ehc/ew/issues/ew95may.htm#schneider

Study on Nutrition for students with disabilities

Teaching character and value instruction is cardinal in constructing a moral society. The Learning ‘s instructional designs allows the trainer intermittently reinforce the behaviour in category by giving the kids proper accomplishments. The learning instructions design and rating covers the development facets of kids for accomplishment development in assorted degrees of category behaviour descriptions and activities. The instructional doctrine and design provides the rating of success as we steer all the pupils to success non merely in faculty members but besides in other life activities. The lesson clearly outlines the importance of rectifying kids behaviours which is a distraction and clip cachexia of our childhoods. In this lesson, we will look at the following countries of learning program: The activities for teaching and steering pupils with acquisition and behaviour jobs and the instructors ‘ perceptual experiences. The kids support in constructing their principal and their collegial interactions The value of their success in the instructions Teacher ‘s efficiency is a chief success in teaching mainstreamed exceeding behavioural pupils. The efficiency affects the collegial interactions on the pupils with behavioural and learning disablements. Teaching peculiar character traits enhances the development of the pupil ‘s character. These character traits include ; Self control and duty Team work and coaction Appreciation and regard of the diverseness which involves exchange plans and the linguistic communication arts. This ensures that pupils with acquisition and the linguistic communication disablements are responsible for their actions and esteem the diverseness. Many pupils are emotionally disturbed missing character traits such as earnestness, teamwork, disobedience and other antisocial behaviours ( Vaughn, S. and Bos, C.S 2009 ) .Doctrine of instructional designIdentify the Behavioral jobBasically the pupil with larning disablements and behavioural upsets demonstrates noticeable behaviours which are different from that expected in school or in the society. These sorts of pupils are approached in different manner as compared to the normal pupils. Their demands an operational definition of each pupils activities that is against the expected criterion. This involves turn toing of the opprobrious behaviours in pupils and analysing each behavioral job. Development of new behaviours and activities should so follow to reciprocate the current behaviour. The effectual instruction schemes provided by the instructor should concentrate on the desirable behaviours that should be replaced with the pupil ‘s bad behaviours.Understanding the Disabili ty and the pupils behavioural ChallengeUnderstanding the pupil with a learning disablement and behavioural jobs is a really ambitious undertaking. Working with these pupils and detecting the overall public presentation in school is one of the assignments which need a batch of concentration. It is better to happen the pupils strength and work with the pupil toward those strengths. There exist a relationship between the kid and the instructor which involves the single intervention. There are many factors that affect the pupils with disablements on which many are ignored by the instructors. In most instances the instructor assumes that the behaviour of the pupil is coming from the discourtesy and the aggressive behaviours. These include the multiple acquisition and behavioural disablements kids are faced such as ; ( Brownell & A ; Pajares, 2010 ) . dyslexia auditory processing upset attending shortage upset non-verbal acquisition upsets Most learning disablements in pupils autumn are loosely categorized into two: verbal and gestural. The pupils with verbal larning disablements experience obscureness with both spoken and written words. Dyslexia is the most common verbal acquisition disablement which gives the pupil problem in placing and treating letters and the sounds associated with the peculiar missive. Some pupils with verbal larning disablements find it difficult to utilize and talk with other facets of linguistic communication. Others find it difficult to compose as their encephalons struggle to command the many things that go into as they are composing which includes traveling their manus to construction missive shapes to remembrance of the right grammar regulations involved in composing down a peculiar sentence. Students with gestural larning disablements experience jobs in treating what they see and view. This involves doing sense of ocular inside informations like illustrations and Numberss on a chalkboard. Some pupils with a gestural acquisition disablement ever do some mistakes like confounding the plus mark with the mark for division.Opportunities to Practice New BehaviorsIn deciding the status of larning disablement from the pupil, the initial activity should be the diagnosing of the job. Once the pupil behavioral and larning disablement job is identified, a set of schemes and processs follows in an attempt of reconstructing the pupil ‘s self-esteem and assurance. This involves working and monitoring by a particular instructor in larning some particular accomplishments which aids in specifying a pupil ‘s strengths and the failings. Particular equipments and specialised schoolroom are sometimes indispensable for certain topics. The learning environment should be structured in guaranting that the pupils are suitably geting the societal accomplishments. This includes the chances of the pupil interaction with the acquisition environment. The footing and the foundation of t he active engagement of the pupil in the schoolroom is the learning environment. The appropriate differentiated direction in supervising the behaviours of the pupils includes ; Taking bends in working with spouse and following the group waies. Working in groups and actively take parting in the treatments. Demonstrate appropriate behaviour toward equals and other people in the society. Showing positive verbal and gestural relationships with others. Showing involvement and lovingness. Settling struggles between the kids without contending. Exposing appropriate fondness.Treat larning behavioural shortages as mistakes in larningThe behavioural shortages in acquisition can be viewed as mistakes and hence, the suited behavioural value demand to be straight and actively taught. It is of import to establish all societal skill instructional determinations on single pupil demands. Increasing the pupil larning independency in heightening the ego construct and the repeating failures in school requires the instructional schemes affecting self-denial, self-monitoring, self-reinforcement and the self-management. This enhances the cognitive behaviours and activities alteration ( Vaughn & A ; Bos, 2009 ) .Provision for differentiated directionFunctional Skills with wide applicationsSkills for behavioural alteration and operation of the pupil are indispensable in the pupil behavioural jobs. Functional accomplishments do n't merely affect the community personal businesss but besides involves the accomplishment of the productive life an d addition in degree of engagement. The undermentioned are schemes that can be used to learn the pupils with larning disablements ( Vaughn, & A ; Bos, 2009 ) . divide the acquisition in to subdivisions administered study supplied standard quality sentiment used diagrams, artworks and images to supplement their significance in words provided ample independent, well-designed, intensive pattern Modeled instructional patterns that should be followed by the pupils. provided prompts of schemes to utilize Get downing with the heavy instructions prepares the pupil to the more assortment pupil instructions. Individual pupil should be taken on consideration and non the group because the success of the pupil with larning disablements requires a focal point on single acquisition, single advancement and the single accomplishment. This requires expressed, precise, directed, individualised and intensive disciplinary direction of the pupils with the acquisition and behavioural disablements. Many pupils with behavioural and learning disablements are integrated in mainstream schoolrooms. Teachers need to understand that there exist the acquisition differences between these pupils with the remainder of the pupils. The pupils need more attending and monitoring and instructors should accommodate their instruction methods to assist these kids ( Brownell & A ; Pajares, 2010 ) .Positive Reinforcement to kidsDisabilities in kids are basically sheathing accomplishment countries which can include cogniti ve abilities, linguistic communication accomplishments, hapless societal interactions, emotional and executive accomplishments. Praising and appreciating the pupil for the good work positively motivates the pupil. This includes being sincere on the pupil activities and the accomplishments, noticing on the attempt put by the pupil and doing a mention that success is expected in the hereafter ( Muscott & A ; O'Brien, 2009 ) .Harmonizing to Sheldon ( 2011 ) , the category environment should be good structured and managed. Keeping the composure and house learning environment particularly when the pupil is giving difficult clip is of kernel to the instructor. Many instructors tend to take the kids ‘s behaviour personally, taking battles with the pupils. Some pupils need individualized behavior rectification plans where they are rewarded frequently in actuating them. This involves extended treatments with the pupils on the countries of concern and the job work outing accomplishments every bit good as pro-social accomplishments. Learning disablement has no remedy and most pupils and people in general have to accommodate to their acquisition differences.Assessment DesignLearning disablements are the jobs and challenges that affect the encephalon ‘s capableness to have, procedure, size up, or shop information which hinders the pupil ‘s ability to larn rapidly. These disablements are of many sorts on which certain types of the acquisition disablements interferes with the pupil ‘s ability to concentrate on a certain activity. This sort of the disablement shifts the pupils ‘ concentrations to other no of import things. The pupil ‘s behaviour can be due to either of the public presentation shortage or the skill shortage factors. Positive eventualities are required in controling the public presentation shortage while the direct instructions are required in get the better ofing the accomplishment shortage. The important skill countries of the pupil are identified during the appraisal. The lesson is implemented in groups and socially adept equals in the behavioural execution ( Vaughn & A ; Bos, 2009 ) .

A Desert Journey Kokology

A Desert Journey Waiting can be a special form of torture, worse than any momentary pain. The combination of frustration and boredom can send even the bravest heart into a state of panic. Our first journey will bring us face to face with the infinite. Take a moment to prepare yourself, and eternal desert†¦ 1. You are riding a camel across the vast and empty expanse of a seemingly endless dessert. You have ridden until you are near exhaustion. What words would you say to the camel that has carried you all the way? 2. Just at the point you thought you’d die of thirst, a beautiful oasis appears.But someone has arrived before you. Who is this other traveller? (Use the name of a person you know. ) 3. Time passes slowly in the desert, and it feels like an eternity before the lights of a town appear on the horizon. You have finally reached your destination. What are your feelings as you come to your journey’s end? 4. The time has come to part with the camel you have ridde n for so long. Just as you dismount, a new rider climbs into the saddle to take your place. Who is the new rider? (Name another person in your life. ) Key to a Desert JourneyThe desert and camel theme symbolizes the journey toward personal independence. Specifically, this scenario reveals your feelings about parting with a lover. Your answers show how you might react when the time comes to go your separate ways. 1. The words you spoke to the camel reveal what you might say to yourself when you realize love has been lost. Did you try words of encouragement like â€Å"We’ll make it through somehow! † Or was there a hint of despair — â€Å"We’re lost†¦ this is hopeless†¦ I think we’re going to die out here†? 2. In psychological terms, the oasis symbolizes the key to solving one’s problems.The person you encountered here could be someone who has helped or comforted you in the past or one you might turn to in times of need. 3. Th e town at journey’s end stands for the order restored to your emotions once you’ve recovered from your broken heart. Your feelings upon reaching the town are your true feeling about finally getting over a lost love. 4. The new rider is a person toward whom you feel a secret rivalry, jealousy, or resentment. Is the person you named a rival in love or maybe someone who once broke your heart?

Spanish Road Signs †Spanish for Drivers

Spanish Road Signs - Spanish for Drivers Try driving in a Spanish-speaking country, and you probably wont have too much difficulty with the signs - many of the essential signs use pictures or symbols that are recognized internationally, speed limits are expressed in numbers that you already know, and destination signs probably dont need translation. Even so, and especially once youre off the major highways, you may come across signs where the following list can help. The following list indicates some of the words commonly used on signs. Keep in mind that in some regions you may see different words used than those listed here. bus stop - paradacrossing - crucecurve - curvadanger - peligrodead end - sin salidadetour - desvà ­o, desviacià ³ndowntown, city center - centroexit - salidalane - carrilno entry - entrada prohibidano passing - adelantamiento prohibidoone-way - de sentido à ºnico, sentido obligatorioparking - estacionamiento, aparcamiento (Verb forms are estacionar, aparcar and paquear, depending on the region. Parking is sometimes symbolized by a capital E or capital P, depending on the region.)pedestrians - peatonespolice - policà ­aprohibited - prohibido, prohibidaroad closed - camino cerradoslow - despaciospeed bump - topestop - alto, pare or stop, depending on the regionspeed limit - velocidad mxima (typically indicated in kilometers per hour, often abbreviated km/h)toll - peaje, cobroviewpoint - vista de interà ©syield - ceda, ceda el paso

Examining The Dimensional View Of Pictures Theology Religion Essays

Examining The Dimensional View Of Pictures Theology Religion Essays Examining The Dimensional View Of Pictures Theology Religion Essay Examining The Dimensional View Of Pictures Theology Religion Essay we will be able to see it from a different visible radiation other than a chilling animal. The bookwus is portion of the Hamatsa ceremonial, but his function has deteriorated over clip. The bookwus s face is portrayed with a barbarian character and this is of high kernel that it is portrayed this manner. The bookwus might non be simply a wild animal that eats submerging psyches and brings them back to life in the winter for the dance season, but may be something more if we look at him in comparing to the other masks of the hamatsa. The bookwus s abandon appears to be similar to that of a immature young person who is being initiated into going a priest-doctor. A priest-doctor is a individual who tries to pass on with the religious universe. Thus one can deduce bookwus function in the hamatsa to be that of a priest-doctor as he is the who has control over the dead psyches. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kenney-mencher.com/pic_old/fertile_crescent_egypt/narmer_front_3150_3125BCE.jpg formal analysis Is the analysis of a work by discoursing its signifier such as its medium, form, lines, visible radiation, colour, texture and composing. 11 ) Name the rubric, day of the month, civilization and state of beginning of this work. Title: Victory Palette of Narmer besides called Palette of King Narmer Date: 3100-3000 BCE Culture: Egyptian State of Beginning: Hierakonpolis, Upper Egypt 12 ) In your ain words, do a brief formal analysis of this work based on what you see. ( You should compose at least a full paragraph perchance longer to reply this inquiry. ) The pallet is carved in rock as the medium and it represents the triumphs of King Narmer [ Menes ] . We observe two caputs in the really upper part of the rock, carved elaborately with horns. It is inferred that these caputs represent the goddess Hathor. The male monarch seems to hold been finely carved and we observe a sense of 3D position and deepness in the Mace the male monarch is keeping and the male monarch himself. The techniques used to supply 3-dimensional position in this work is called alleviation where some parts of the picture undertaking out of the plane of the medium. The male monarch seems to be catching his captive by the cap, ready to nail him into pieces with his Mace. Under the male monarch, we already observe two prisoners, carved with great item. These prisoners both appear to be already slain by the King. We observe a bird keeping up a caput and inspecting the beheaded organic structure. The bird seems to stand for the temple of Horus. We besides observe the sa ndal carrier, who is non given much prominence. The male monarch seems to be the one ruling the rock carving proposing that he is all-in-all supreme leader. The medium used is hydrostone, while the types of forms that seem to be used in the figures consist of square forms and the figures are made to stand for existent worlds. Contour lines are used to stand for the curvatures of the male monarch, the bird, and the prisoners. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kenney-mencher.com/pic_old/fertile_crescent_egypt/babylonian_code_of_hammurabi_fr_susa_1780BCE_full.jpg contextual analysis Is the analysis of a work by discoursing its history, civilization, environment, and or background. 13 ) Name the rubric, day of the month, civilization and state of beginning of this work. Title: Stele of Hammurabi Date: 1780 BCE Culture: Babylonian State of Beginning: Mesopotamia 14 ) Do a contextual analysis of the above object. ( You should compose at least a full paragraph perchance longer to reply this inquiry. ) The Stele of Hammurabi is carved out of glistening black basalt. It displays the codification of Torahs of Hammurabi of Babylon. It was created in 1780 BCE, and rediscovered in 1901. We observe on the upper part the Sun God Shamash and Hammurabi, and the handing of a rod like object from Hammurabi to the Sun God. The codifications of Hammurabi represent the ancient Torahs of the Babylonian civilization. There are 282 Torahs in all that govern the Babylonian life and unite them. The text is known as cuneiform text. The stele was used to do certain people were treated the same manner under the set of Torahs. The stele represents one of Hammurabi s major accomplishments as a male monarch uniting all people under a set of Torahs that dealt with both belongings and commercialism. Hammurabi wished that the wealthy and aggressive did non keep back the others and that justness was served for one and all. As we observe from the stele, the Sun God has an eight-pointed Crown. This signifies that he is godly. The rod that he seems to be passing over is a symbol of upholding justness under the Sun God s counsel. The elamite encroachers took over this construction when they invaded Babylon in the twelfth century BCE.

Free Literature Review Full Text

Free Literature Review Full Text Free Literature Review Full Text This order was delivered to Allen Sutton, a fraudulent person from Elmont, New York. Beware of this customer! Literature Review: Would the Addition Psycho Education to Medication Management in Q Community Outpatient Setting By a Nurse Practitioner Yield Greater Medication Adherence in Adult Schizophrenic Patients A new achievement in medical science is the introduction of psycho-education for the people who live with psychological disturbance. This educates and trains patients in regards to various psychological disturbances such as schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, psychotic illness and personality disorders. Psycho-Education also helps in the treatment of physical illness by emphasizing on mental well being and positive thinking. Moreover this education is not only restricted to patients but their families as well. As said that mental well-being leads to physical well being as the brain in ones body controls and operates it. So it is very important to understa nd and treat the brain and its functions with utmost care. According to Kelly and Scott (1990) the theory of Psycho-education helps the patient and their families to be well acquainted with the patients condition, to understand their illness, strengths, weakness and the short term and long term causes and treatment for a better living. Moreover this theory helps the patients and their families to live normal lives, coping up and living with their psychological condition. One very common Psychological disorder is Schizophrenia. It is a condition of the brain where the patient lacks thought process and is emotionally unresponsive. Patient also suffers from hallucinations, delusions and has disintegrated speech and thinking. People with a condition this way have difficulties coping up with their social and professional life. People suffering from schizophrenia are a danger to them as they often have suicidal feelings submerged within, the society because of their negative yet sudden change in behavior, and barely can sustain basic needs of living. Dowrick (2000) noted that Schizophrenia in adults is a chronic disorder and the ratio of men suffering from it is more than in women and conditionally more severe in men than women.Individuals suffering from Schizophrenia might see or hear things that dont have an existence in real life. They speak and express in a confusing manner. Such individuals lose the power of recognition between the real worlds and imagine things that are irrelevant. Such individuals adapt fear and confusion within themselves thus, drawing themselves out from the activities of a daily life and also restrains them to act and behave in a normal way. Hence, according to Hollon, Thase and Markowitz (2003), it becomes difficult for them to move along the norms of the society endangering oneself and the society at large. Their behavior may vary from social withdrawal, hostility, suspiciousness, deterioration of personal hygiene, flat expressionles s stare, inability to express sorrow or joy, depression, inappropriate way of laughing or crying, insomnia, hypersomnia, irrational statements, loss of memory, lack of concentration, hyper reaction to criticism etc. Gutirrez-Maldonado and Caqueo-Urzar (2007) noted that adding Psycho-education to medication management would yield greater medical adherence in adult schizophrenic patients in a community outpatient setting by a Nurse Practioner as their treatment is very important as Schizophrenia is a very complex psychological disorder that is difficult to diagnose as Psychological experts have not been able to explain the root cause of it. In such cases Psycho-education helps the patients and their families to be educated about this illness. Moreover addition of Psycho-education to medication management would bring out much better results in regards to a cure for this illness as prescribed medication and its dosages could have side effects on the patients emotional responsiveness. Moreover, according to Larsen (2004), in terms of medication adherence in adult schizophrenic patients most of them have severe memory impairment and cognitive distortions and could even complicate the overall treatment plan as they could require multiple doses a day. The main area of focus of Psycho-education aims at teaching and/or educating the patient to increase his/her knowledge and the proper understanding of his/her illness and treatment respectively. It is proved that a patient with knowledge of his/her illness increases and enables the chances of getting cured faster and also helps in coping up with the medication, therapy and treatment in a much effective way. Studies Wheeler and Greiner (2003) and Picchioni and Murray (2007) prove that interaction between the patient and the doctor efficiently adds more value to the standard treatment and helps the reduction of possible relapse and hospitalization. Also Psycho-education improves compliances that are followed with medi cation and non-adherence to medication. It also promotes better social well being with proper functioning of social outcomes. Mostly Psycho-education emphasizes on a group where multiple patients share multiple areas of concern, thus making the schizophrenic platform global and so it can be addressed in a way that becomes more reactive yet informative and helpful for treatment. According to Hollon, Thase and Markowitz (2003) adult Schizophrenic patients have a very sociodemographic feature that makes their characterization of illness difficult to diagnose, since this is a condition that affects thoughts and behavior and is often termed as a chronic relapsing psychotic illness. These features also include comorbidity and often have side effects of the medicational features. Nearly one out of five patients experiences some of the symptoms. Another 20% experience worse of these symptoms; in the remaining 60%, the symptoms become even more chronic and even leads to hospitalization. A s such, in these cases family administration, support and encouragement is highly recommended. Gutirrez-Maldonado and Caqueo-Urzar (2007) noted that Psycho-education characterizes treatment with the collaboration of prescribed medication including a systematic study of the relation between the Physician and the patient is intervened by different studies and reinforcement of mental education, skills training, memory enhancement, and anger management. Psychologists encounter Schizophrenic patients quite often and they encourage services that rely less on medicines and more on long-term therapy that includes counseling, advocacy, group discussions, behavioral social skills training, family education, counseling and therapy. These special trainings come in various forms. According to Larsen (2004) many community based groups conduct informal interactions to help to understand the patients unique and specific behavior and implement their skills for overcoming obstacles that interrupt a normal life. Treatment for schizophrenic patients through prescribed medication and therapy only diagnosis and focuses the presence of psychological symptoms and does not necessarily classify the characteristics of social construction of recovery such as hope, faith, belief, self identification, social well being and empowerment. Over whelming evidence, by Wheeler and Greiner (2003), proves that antipsychotics can be effective for treating certain symptoms of Schizophrenia. This antipsychotic medication needs strict medical adherence as, if not adhered as prescribed; it may increase the risk of a relapse. It is often found that most people suffering from Schizophrenia, medication adherence is often poor and most of them discontinue medication after a short period assuming that it is not required anymore; nonetheless this causes serious consequences. Studies review that approximately one-third of the patients with schizophrenia, suffer from medical non-adherence. These patients als o outlook nearly 1-10 days of oral antipsychotic therapy which nearly doubles the risk of hospitalization. Picchioni and Murray (2007) noted that non-adherence of these medications may increase the risk of hospitalization with a possible relapse due to the gaps in prescribed medication doses. It has also been discovered by researchers that individuals with an education about their illness are less hospitalized than that of individuals who are only on prescribed drugs with non-adherence in regards to it. Another factor that adds to medical non-adherence in regards to schizophrenic patients is that the patients do not attend their appointment with regards to their therapy. Individuals who are not regular and do not keep a track of their outpatient appointments post-hospitalization become non-adherent to prescribed medications and this way it slowly but surely becomes critical in the outcome of Schizophrenia in adults. Hollon, Thase and Markowitz (2003) noted that community based o utpatient treatment centers offer services to individuals those have issues at adjustment at home, work, society or even more complex psychological disorders such as depression, stress-related conditions, anger, anxiety, loss of memory, diversion of attention etc. Studies have reviewed that the common clinical practice for the treatment of Schizophrenia in Adults were not very effective and Non-adherence to these clinical therapies and prescribed medication increased at an alarming rate. The view of a broader treatment proved successful and an array of support from Community Based Services and Rehabilitation Centers offering a wider and even more effective treatment for the mentally ill started flowing in. Studies by Larsen (2004), Wheeler and Greiner (2003), and Picchioni and Murray (2007) also reviewed those individuals with the knowledge of their illness yielded greater results in treatment. The demand for more professionals with the knowledge of Psychotic illness increased wit h Nurse Practioners to broaden their scope of knowledge with Psychiatris Studies. With a collaboration of Psycho-education and medication management under the supervision of Nurse Practioners proved successful and efficient. According to Gutirrez-Maldonado and Caqueo-Urzar (2007), Psycho-education is intervened by the patients interaction with their peers and it is proved that this helps individuals and their families to gain a lot of crucial and important information about the illness. This also involves motivation and interpersonal support from peers. Here, a patient is given full opportunity to express thoughts, concerns and raise questions. It is important to make the patient realize that the illness suffered, is worldwide. Psycho-education helps an individual to absorb a lot of information that helps to potentially grow and change and also makes an individual more tolerant in nature. Psycho-education relates to practical and concrete problem solving issues including social challenges faced everyday that help to develop independent living skills and achieve specific goals. The aim of all of Psychological Disorder treatment and therapeutic intervention lies in the boosting of empowerment of the patient and his/her families. In this intervention an individual is treated with an utmost positive care to encourage and boost ones confidence in order to face and tackle their Psychological disorder. Psycho-education intends to educated all individuals about their Psychological disorder along with the different other types around. A comprehension of the background and its available treatment is always very important for an individual. Through this, as per Hollon, Thase and Markowitz (2003), individuals and their families accept the illness and cope with it in a very effective manner. A variety of self-development programs are conducted for the patient and their families such as Behavioral therapy, Problem-Solving training, Communication training and Family th erapy etc. There is a huge relation in the collaboration of medicines, Therapy and Psycho education and proven to be effective due to the fact that medicines such as Antipsychotic drugs help to reduce Neuro-functional disorders that results in formation of disciplined orders and understanding and Psycho-educational therapies helps in coping up strategies for a normal living. According to Picchioni and Murray (2007),Psycho-education as an addition to medication management is a much better way of monitoring a patients well being with proper scheduling of medication by avoiding drug interactions and introduction to general prescribed medication. Medication management aims at appropriate use of medicines and drugs that would not cause complications in the longer run. A collaboration of Psycho-education with Medication management would introduce various support and care from individuals, the community, psychiatrists, social workers and experts. A community outpatient uses day centers, h ospitals and rehabilitation centers to refer to different Psychological professionals to cure their psychological illness. Such is a success, Wheeler and Greiner (2003) notes, if Psycho-education is introduced in a community outpatient setting with help from a Nurse Practioner, as a Nurse Practioner can treat physical and mental conditions through various methods of additional education and training through comprehending the patients history, by advising physical examination and various tests. The Nurse Practioner can also diagnose and then provide appropriate treatment for the patient which includes prescribing medication. A Nurse Practioner can yield much better results with the help of Psycho-education than of a simple medication adherence as it only monitors the course of therapy with regards to medicines, its prescription, discontinuation and proper dose of the medicine whereas Psycho-education refers to educate and aware the patient and their families about the illness. This helps in a greater understanding of the situation and to deal with it accordingly in alliance with medication. As mentioned that it aims at the psychological well being of a person that builds the ambience of living. Since a Nurse Practioner also serves as a primary health provider, it would yield in a greater result if Psycho-education is added to medication management. The main focus of this addition is individual care of the condition and effects of the patients illness. According to Larsen (2004) educating patients about their health is very important and psycho-education helps and encourages them to make choices for a healthy living and to prioritize well being. There are different aspects of Psycho-educational programs and they have different characteristics depending upon the type of psychological disorder. Most of the individuals who suffer from schizophrenia, also suffer from diversion of attention, lack of concentration and memory loss. According to Gutirrez-Maldonado and Caqueo-Urzar (2007) Psycho-education significantly highlights the practice, feedback, presentation and discussion to enhance the strength of these problems. A Nurse Practioner can yield greater medical adherence in regards to a community outpatient setting in adult schizophrenic patients as the Nurse Practioners role is broad and deals with different mental health issues at outpatient clinics, primary care units, private therapy practices, community health centers and hospitals. A Nurse Practioner also specializes on focusing on genetic psychiatry to understand the history of illness and to conduct various physical and psychological tests. Hollon, Thase and Markowitz (2003) noted that a Nurse Practioner has a proven role in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia with anti psychotic medication and remedial approaches such as training, exercise, educating of residual symptoms. There is also evidence about Psychiatric Nurse Practioners in the community and their effectiveness in regards to supervision of schizophrenic patients. Many Nurse Practioners combine therapy and treatment in an assertive community program that aims to reduce relapse and hospitalization. The techniques include developing trust; normalizing, enhancing the skills to coping with strategy, practical theory and reality testing, work along dysfunctional affective and behavioral attitude towards psychotic illness. This not only helps in an enhanced response to the therapy but also yield results faster. Langdon (1994) noted that the use of Psycho-education and medication together aims at a higher recovery rate of patients suffering from Adult Schizophrenia with a Nurse Practioner being an active part of the recovery process as Nurse Practioners are highly trained professional in the field of both physical and mental health. Psychiatric Nurse Practioners are well trained in the medication management of Schizophrenic Patients. Many Psycho-educational professionals and groups have proved to br ing dynamic effect in behavioral changes in the case of acute and post-acute adult schizophrenic patients. This is one of the major reasons Psycho-education is derived as a modern tool for a useful collaboration of bringing out the potential of independency within the individuals and their families. This also forecasts the future of professional constituency for Psychological disorders as well as it will open up arrays into specific form of Psychotherapy. Psycho-education, in accordance to Gruber (2002), in the form of an obligatory-exercise program, should be made available to all patients suffering from a schizophrenic disorder and their families. Psycho-education goes deep down into current conceptions, methods and practice. Carefully, under the support, supervision and accompaniment by a Nurse Practioner, the empathic and socially enduring therapeutic attempt must be strong, stable and sustainable, despite altering the ambience around. With such an approach, psychological prin ciples and standardized procedures must be valid while interacting with an adult schizophrenic patient. It is also very important to keep in mind that the patients with Psychological disorder such as Schizophrenia may behave and or react unexpected with an illogical reaction, which could be due to the altered psychological state of mind of the surrounding ambience. According to Baldo (1993), introduction of Psycho-education does not intend to stop or challenge the continuation of other behavioural therapy when dealing with Psychological Illness and in this case Adult Schizophrenic Patients. It is a subsequent and complementary strategy of treatment where not only the patients, but their families and relatives too which is optimal in respect to their illness. Psycho-education sets general courses that will yield greater and higher success rates in the treatment that will help in long-term coping and adjustments. With the help of Nurse Practioners who are well-established profession als, it is absolutely possible to draw out a successful concept which shelters the different and specific needs of the adult schizophrenic patients and at the same time restoring their resources. Nathan and Gorman (1998) noted that the addition of Psycho-education to medication management in community outpatients settings by a Nurse Practioner and its effectiveness with that of yielding greater medication adherence in adult schizophrenic patients would definitely become a global concept of treatment in many hospitals, rehabilitation centres and clinics. As far as its research goes, there is a huge amount of proven studies done which proves the effectiveness of the concept of Psycho-education with the combination of antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of Schizophrenia in adults. A greater result was even proved and shown with regards to medical adherence in schizophrenic patients with regular visits under the supervision of Psychiatric Nurse Practioners. A greater difference can be yielded out if Psycho-education is introduced with regards to the treatment of all Psychological disorders. This also helps to create a mass awareness of the existence of such psychological disorders and the proper attitude to produce towards an individual suffering, moreover giving an effective social boost that helps an individual to cope easily and to carry on with a normal life. References Baldo, J. (1993). Selective attention in patients with schizophrenia and non-schizophrenic subjects. Berkeley: University of California. Dowrick, C. (2000). Problem Solving Treatment And Group Psychoeducation For Depression: Multicentre Randomised Controlled Trial. British Medical Journal, 321(7274), 1450-1454. Gruber, SA. (2002). Stroop performance in schizophrenic and bipolar patients: an fMRI study. New York: Tufts University. Gutirrez-Maldonado, J., and Caqueo-Urzar, A. (2007). Effectiveness of a Psycho-Educational Intervention for Reducing Burden in Latin American Families of P atients with Schizophrenia. Quality of Life Research, 16(5), 739-747. Hollon, SD., Thase, ME., and Markowitz, JC. (2003). Treatment and Prevention of Depression. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 3(2), 39-77. Kelly, G., and Scott, JE. (1990). Medication Compliance and Health Education among Outpatients with Chronic Mental Disorders. Medical Care, 28(12), 1181-1197. Langdon, R. (1994). Schizophrenic symptoms: dissociable deficits of self/other awareness in the normal cognitive system of consciousness. Boston: Macquarie University. Larsen, JA. (2004). Finding Meaning in First Episode Psychosis: Experience, Agency, and the Cultural Repertoire. Medical Anthropology Quarterly New Series, 18(4), 447-471. Nathan, P., and Gorman, J., (1998). A guide to treatments that work. London: Oxford University Press. Picchioni, M.M and Murray, R.M. (2007). Schizophrenia. British Medical Journal, 335(7610) 91-95. Wheeler, K., and Greiner, L. (2003). Integrating Education and Resear ch in an APRN Mental Health Services Program. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 21(3), 141-152.

Business law coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business law coursework - Essay Example Lord Kenyon held: â€Å"There are many situations in life, and particularly in the commercial world, where a man cannot by any diligence inform whom he deals; in which cases he must apply to those whose sources of intelligence enable them to give that information. If no injury is occasioned by that lie, it is not actionable; but if it be attended with a damage, it then becomes the subject of an action. It is admitted that Defendant’s conduct was highly immoral, and detrimental to society. And I am of opinion that the action is maintainable on the grounds of deceit in Defendant, and injury and loss to Plaintiff.†1 The next steps in proving the existence of tort of deceit is the fact that the claimant relied on the provided information and this caused loss to him. Even though it seems that Peter’s situation fits under these regulations, there is one big â€Å"On the other hand†: â€Å"in an action for deceit, it is not enough to establish misrepresentation alone; Fraud is established where it is proved that a false statement is made: (a) knowingly; or (b) without belief in its truth; or (c) recklessly, careless as to whether it be true or false.† 2 This is the House of Lords’ ruling in the case of Derry v Peek (1888). Breach of duty occurs in the situation when the defendant owed a duty of care and his actions were lower than the reasonable standard. Smith and Keenan (2010, p.464) state that the test of a reasonable man should be applied to individuals â€Å"who have held themselves out as possessing a particular skill†3 as to average specialist in that domain. For example, as in Peter’s case, Bumble&Co – recommending themselves as a company which conducts financial analysis – were expected to act as an average accountant. By providing a financial statement of poor quality, Bumble&Co actually provided misinformation to the shareholders. The company ignored its duty of care, established by objective standards, and provided false information. It accepted to

The Accounting Cycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Accounting Cycle - Essay Example 5) Preparation of an adjusted trial balance. 6) Using the information given in the adjusted trial balance, preparation of the financial statements. 7) Entering closing entries into the general journal and then to the general ledger. 8) Preparation of the post closing trial balance. The transaction must be identified from an authentic or original source. These sources can include deposit slips, invoices, purchase orders etc. This steps provides important information about the date on which the transaction took place, the amount of transaction, description and, if it is possible, the name and contact information of the party with which the dealings took place. In this step, the accounts that are being affected because of the transaction are determined. The effect includes either an increase or a decrease. The amount by which they are being affected must also be determined. The transaction must be then entered into the journal. This must be done on both, the credit and the debit sides of the journal. There are some important facts that must be considered. A general journal is always maintained in the chronological order. Journal may refer to the general journal, the sales journal, cash receipts journal and so on. Entries are posted in the trial balance. A trial balance presents a list of all accounts (transactions) and their balances. The purpose of this step is to verify whether or not the sum of the credit and debit sides is equal. If they are unequal, the trial balance must be adjusted. The trial balance that has unequal sides can mean that there is a problem. This step involves preparation and posting of deferred and accrued transactions to the T- ledger accounts journals. Adjusting entries are usually made on the last day of the given accounting period. The reason for this is to ensure that the financial statements reflect the revenue earned during the given period

A Change in My Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Change in My Life - Essay Example Because of my hard work and the effort that I put in my educational endeavors, I got very good grades in my final primary school exams and qualified to enter high school. I was so happy with my achievement that I was determined to ensure that my performance would always remain high in my new educational level. With this in mind, and considering the great promise that I had in academics, I was admitted into high school. High school turned out to be quite different from primary school and this was mainly because there were more freedoms and new people who I had to study with. Most of my old friends from primary school went on to a different school and at first; life in the new environment was quite lonely. However, after a few weeks, I was befriended by some of the most popular students in the school and this, I felt, was a great privilege. In primary school, I had never really been popular, with the little popularity that I had having been based on my academic performance. Whereas other students had concentrated on fun and what I thought were good things in life, I had concentrated on my studies and that was the reason why I was among the best. However, in high school, all this changed because, for the first time in my life, I was among the popular kids. Most of the other students looked up to me and it felt wonderful and in my mind, nothing could be better. From that time, I put my academics in the background and I instead concentrated on spending time with my new friends and having fun because that is what I thought high school was all about. As a result of my new lifestyle, my academics began to take a beating but while this was happening, my new friends convinced me that because I was a clever guy, I could always catch up whenever I wanted.  Ã‚  

Nursing - Health Promotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing - Health Promotion - Essay Example Theories and Models of Health Promotion There are a number of fundamental theories and models associated with health promotion. It is essential to differentiate between theories and models. Theories are an integrated set of proposed ideas that serve as an explanation for a phenomenon. Models are a sub-class of a theory. They provide a plan for investigation, and or addressing an event (Robinson & Hill, 1999). Below is a summary of the main theories and models utilized in health promotion: 1. The theories and models that attempt to expound health behaviour change and health behaviour by focusing on an individual. Examples include: †¢ Health belief model †¢ Theory of reasoned action †¢ Stages of change model †¢ Social learning theory 2. Theories and models that attempt to explain changes in communities and community actions for health. Examples include: †¢ Community mobilization; social planning, social action and community development †¢ Diffusion of inno vation 3. Models that attempt to explain the changes in organisations and the creation of health-supportive organisational practices such as theories of organisational change (Freire, 2002). Health Promotion Policy Documents There widely known policy documents on health promotion are the Ottawa Charter and the Jakarta Declaration. The Ottawa Charter outlines three basic tactics for health promotion. These are enabling all people to attain their full health potential; mediating between the various interests in society in the chase of health. The Jakarta Declaration identifies five health priorities. These are; promotion of social responsibilities for health, expanding partnerships for health promotion, increasing investments for health development, increasing community capacity and empowering individuals, and securing infrastructure for health promotion (Wallace & Appleton, 2011). Mental Health Promotion as an Aspect of Health Promotion Mental health promotion is vital for modern hea lthcare. Mental health nurses are a vital part of efficient and effective mental health services. In the past few years, they have participated in an absolutely crucial role in the transformation of mental health services. One of the most crucial aspects in health promotion is mental health promotion. Mental health nurses should focus on the broader needs of patients, applying their expertise to improve physical fitness through better health promotion activities and assessment, and by providing sufficient psychological therapy. Inpatient care delivery should be improved by extending the time mental health nurses spend in direct clinical contact with patients and minimising the time spent on administrative roles. Career structures for mental health nurses should be reviewed according to current needs and a wide range of new nursing roles developed and sustained. Mental health nurses should promote social inclusion for carers and their service users. Recruitment and retention of menta l health nurses should be improved through presenting positive messages on health to the media, linking colleges and schools and other initiatives. Case Study Michael is a 30-year-old man who lives alone in a bungalow in the outskirts of a city. He was diagnosed with schizophrenia when he was

European Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

European Government - Essay Example The tension that ensued in 1989 after the fall of Berlin Wall and the need to put hands on deck in fighting global terrorism have combinable shaped EU to implement diplomacy and intervention policy. One of the E Us efforts to maintain its power across the world that should be presented to support this essay is of its roles during the Yugoslavian crises around 1992. Though by then treaty was signed within it, which was tagged: "Common Foreign and Security Policy", but the Union effort to halt the fighting proved abortive. The EU countries had to join the United Nation Force, which at the end were under the United State leadership. Another Foreign Policy of EU that also focus on security which is seen as a strict diplomacy measure was its effort by creating formidable force that involves representatives from within its members countries, which great supports were attached to it The key action of this force is to foreseen and signal and alert on possibility of tensions. Thus it's dispatched action representatives to various hard areas around the world, so they can expand their power. Examples of these areas include Balkans, Afghanistan, Africa and the Middle East. In its effort in creating more credibility's to intervention strategies under the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), EU has programmed European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) that would mean to have unanimous defense structure. Since 2003, EU leaders endorsed an European Security strategy with basic focus on crushing terrorism especially in the Middle East, though the acts of terrorism is under increase in that part of the world, which signifies one of the EU failure in its mission over foreign policies. Moreover, EU has pointed out some measure assignments that its Military Force should undergo as part of foreign policy. These are peacekeeping, crises management, humanitarian and rescue mission, including peace making. To achieve these tremendous objectives, a formidable force has been created which is expected to grow strongly in the coming recent years. Meanwhile, despite points that are seen as EU achievements on the above discussion, yet there are some angles that its failures are also noted. One of these point states that though the Union had included political aspect in its international roles, members are finding it a hard task to reshape their nation's policy. A typical example explained how these members failed to come under one umbrella during a debate held in 2003 on if the United Nation should give a go-ahead on the United States led War on Iraq. Another important area that needs a focus as parts of EU Foreign Policy is the adaptation of "Common Agriculture Policy" (CAP), a policy that aims to offer agricultural subsidies for European Union. CAP was created in the late 50s and early 60s to supplement food shortages, which hit EU countries during and after the Second World War. "As part of building a common market, tariffs on agriculture would have to be removed. However, due to the political clout of farmers and the sensitivity of the issue, it would take many years before CAP was fully implemented". (Common Agricultural Policy). The CAP steering strategies had come into being in 1960 by the founding members, while in 1962 these strategies begin to take effect. In the same year there

Consultancy Skill and Organisational Change Essay

Consultancy Skill and Organisational Change - Essay Example The vitally of change is evident in the adjustments made by organisations in their goals. There are several elements that contribute to this observation. External and internal changes are usually the classification maintained by organisations. Categorising change according to impact allows firms to use appropriate measures and techniques. There are important considerations specified by firms in implementing policies for change. Most of these programmes are studied and deliberated before infused in an organisation. It is imperative for companies to assess the strategy before making adjustments. This will prevent the entities involved from acting differently. The versatility of firms is also a critical aspect when dealing with change. In most instances, organisations that are open to change succeed in the industry. Moreover, the preparation of contingency strategies is also needed when dealing with changes. Firms that resist change have experienced difficulties in dealing with problems and opportunities. It is important for organisations to understand that change is both inevitable and intrusive. There will come a period in a business cycle when a company has to make radical changes. Change also affects the manner in which the general policies of organisations are made. Success in the current global setup is dependent on how firms manage change. The succeeding discussions will tackle organisational changes that have transpired in British Airways. The Company is viewed as a classic case where culture was changed because of demand both within the organisation and outside market forces. II. Organisational Change The stages of change, as derived from the study of Booth-Butterfield (1996) start with pre-contemplation. In this stage the supposed change has yet to gain the awareness of involved entities. Contemplation is a stage shows that the employees are aware of the change. But the focus of the personnel is on different concerns. Then, the employees are prepared for the implementation of changes. In addition, the employees are tasked to perform the modification and provided with maintenance programmes. Prochaska, et al (2001) devised a process that prepares involved entities to change. The cycle starts with the raising of consciousness among the employees. In addition, employees are given with proper tools to handle the change . This is more than just compliments but actual benefits in the growth of the personnel. Moreover, employees are given opportunities to let go of their emotional contentions. This is usually done when the change starts to take effect within an organisation. The employees are then subjected to further evaluation. This is more of a comparison of behaviour before and after the change. Since the problems are identified, the management needs to eliminate stressful components of change. It means that negative stimuli stalling good behaviour will be removed. The company also needs to emphasise on the commitment of the employees to change. This is like a renewed assurance to accept change. The last phase of the process involves finding the proper behaviour for expected changes. This also includes the elimination of bad behaviours that were observed. Schein (1999) created a model that describes change. This method was called cognitive definition. The first stage involved motivation to change . This process is more of a self-evaluation that employees need to determine. The stage includes acceptance that previous actions failed. The second part of the model asserts changes in needed areas. Most firms are concerned about the extensive resources which will be devoted for the activity. But the benefits of this initiative will alter the cost. It is critical for

European Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

European Government - Essay Example The tension that ensued in 1989 after the fall of Berlin Wall and the need to put hands on deck in fighting global terrorism have combinable shaped EU to implement diplomacy and intervention policy. One of the E Us efforts to maintain its power across the world that should be presented to support this essay is of its roles during the Yugoslavian crises around 1992. Though by then treaty was signed within it, which was tagged: "Common Foreign and Security Policy", but the Union effort to halt the fighting proved abortive. The EU countries had to join the United Nation Force, which at the end were under the United State leadership. Another Foreign Policy of EU that also focus on security which is seen as a strict diplomacy measure was its effort by creating formidable force that involves representatives from within its members countries, which great supports were attached to it The key action of this force is to foreseen and signal and alert on possibility of tensions. Thus it's dispatched action representatives to various hard areas around the world, so they can expand their power. Examples of these areas include Balkans, Afghanistan, Africa and the Middle East. In its effort in creating more credibility's to intervention strategies under the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), EU has programmed European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) that would mean to have unanimous defense structure. Since 2003, EU leaders endorsed an European Security strategy with basic focus on crushing terrorism especially in the Middle East, though the acts of terrorism is under increase in that part of the world, which signifies one of the EU failure in its mission over foreign policies. Moreover, EU has pointed out some measure assignments that its Military Force should undergo as part of foreign policy. These are peacekeeping, crises management, humanitarian and rescue mission, including peace making. To achieve these tremendous objectives, a formidable force has been created which is expected to grow strongly in the coming recent years. Meanwhile, despite points that are seen as EU achievements on the above discussion, yet there are some angles that its failures are also noted. One of these point states that though the Union had included political aspect in its international roles, members are finding it a hard task to reshape their nation's policy. A typical example explained how these members failed to come under one umbrella during a debate held in 2003 on if the United Nation should give a go-ahead on the United States led War on Iraq. Another important area that needs a focus as parts of EU Foreign Policy is the adaptation of "Common Agriculture Policy" (CAP), a policy that aims to offer agricultural subsidies for European Union. CAP was created in the late 50s and early 60s to supplement food shortages, which hit EU countries during and after the Second World War. "As part of building a common market, tariffs on agriculture would have to be removed. However, due to the political clout of farmers and the sensitivity of the issue, it would take many years before CAP was fully implemented". (Common Agricultural Policy). The CAP steering strategies had come into being in 1960 by the founding members, while in 1962 these strategies begin to take effect. In the same year there

Regiment Essay Example for Free

Regiment Essay The United States thought that the Japanese were spying on us and was sent from japan just to spy. Even though no spying was recorded the United States just wanted to keep cautious. The Japanese were relocated in internment camps located in the west coast. However, in nineteen forty three president Roosevelt and the war department decided to allow these Japanese Americans to volunteer in an all American-Japanese regiment to fight for their country in World War two. In May nineteen forty three approximately one thousand five hundred volunteers from the United States and three thousand from Hawaii assembled for training camp at Shelby Mississippi. One month later they arrive in Naples, Italy. The all Japanese-American regiment group joined up with the one hundred infantry Battalion. After fighting ten days in Italy the combat groups got their first rest, dry clothes, and hot food. The battle of the lost battalion took place in October of nineteen forty four. The thirty sixth division was paired with the four hundred forty second regimental combat group to fight the German army in the battle of Bruyeres. Over two hundred of the thirty six battalion group were lost in the forest and are trapped on a steep ridge in the Vosges Mountain in France the German army surrounded them on this ridge. General John E. Dahiquist soon ordered the four hundred forty second regimental combat team to rescue the thirty six division group, this was a shock to the Japanese regiment because General Dahiquist was thought of as bias to Japanese by the Japanese. During this journey to the ridge many care packages containing food and supplies were dropped by air support but the packages would get tangled in the trees or in far distances. When the group entered the forest the forest was so dark the soldiers couldn’t see the soldier in front of them. So the soldier had to hold on to the man in front of them backpack. Finally throughout the way the combat team had to fight the German soldiers and ended up defeating the Germans. Even though they won they still sort of lost because the group lost over eight hundred soldiers just to save two hundred men. So if the Japanese Americans are C-4’s the Japanese Americans would have never sacrificed their lives to save the American soldiers. The Nisei men proved their loyalty to the United States and showed bravery. However no awards were awarded. Most people suggested that this was due to prejudice in the United States. In the year two thousand President Clinton awarded 20 medal of honors to the regiment. The Japanese-Americans helped shorten the war with a victory over the Hitler and his Germans soldiers.

Traditional Budgeting in Modern Business

Traditional Budgeting in Modern Business The essay below is an attempt to analyse the issue of Traditional budgeting and discusses the fact that how now-a-days formal, traditional budgeting does not prove quite apt for modern businesses. To begin with, the essay will give a brief explanation of what is a budget and what is budgeting. This will be followed by a short note on modern budgeting and there will be a concise induction on traditional budgeting. Furthermore, the essay will throw light on the strengths and weaknesses of traditional budgeting; following which it will explain and evaluate the alternatives to traditional budgeting in modern businesses. A budget is a business plan for the short term-typically one year(Atrill McLaney,2007) . It is mainly expressed in financial terms and it is designed to meet strategic purposes. Budgeting plays a vital role in business success as it helps in the organizations operational planning, performance evaluation, communication of goals, strategy formation, and controlling cost which helps the organization to achieve its overall objective. But it seems it is unsuitable for the modern business.The term modern business stands for a business which operates in a global economy and practises all modern techniques to survive in a highly competitive environment. In todays era of information technology, it is impossible for a business to compete globally without continuous innovation, updated information and controlled activity. In management accounting, budgeting is quite a vast and important concept. There are different kinds of budgeting. The essay will now focus on Traditional budgeting and its working in modern businesses. What is traditional budgeting? Budget is a part of strategic planning process. It lays down business objectives, targets and decides activities required to achieve these objectives. Traditional budgeting is based on previous year data, decisions, uncertain estimates and forecast (Drury,2009).Traditional budgeting is basically one year planning which lays down targets for the business and at the end of the year these targets are compared with actual results and deviations, if any, are reported to the budgeting team which uses them as an important source of information for current year budgeting. Traditional budgeting creates boundaries for the business operations and sets targets for its employees, which motivates employees to work hard and earn rewards for their achievement. Importance of Traditional Budgeting: Kennedy and Dugdale (1999) in his study on budgeting found out that 99% of all companies in Europe still using formal budgeting system. Budgeting provides a direction which can be used as a framework for planning and controlling the overall activity of the business. Budgeting is often used as an important tool for controlling cost and expenditure of the business, which is very essential for an organization to survive in a competitive world. It is also used as a tool to maintain liquidity position of the firm by matching business revenue against expenditure, which gives an actual position and requirement of cash at a definite time period. Kennedy and Dugdale (2009) in his study also points out that it is the multiple function of budgeting which makes it an important tool for management. Budgeting provides a system of authorization, a means of forecasting and planning, it also provides a channel of communication and coordination through which the actions of different parts of an organi zation can be brought together and reconciled into a common plan. Kennedys study also states that budgeting serves as a tool of motivation, a system of evaluation and control, which acts as a useful source of information for decision- making. Limitations of Traditional budgeting: Budgeting is always being criticized for its high cost and the longer time it takes for its preparation. These two limitations are always a point of consideration for modern business organizations, which require a long working of financial managers and which incurs heavy charges on the company. In addition to this, budgeting is criticized in many other aspects as well. Dugdale and Lyne (2006) in his study on budgeting points out that budgeting being an important tool for an organization has many limitations like, it meets only the lowest targets, it uses more resources than required, it competes against other divisions, business units and departments, also it spends only what is in the budget, provides inaccurate forecasts, has motives only to meet the budget but not to beat it and finally it also avoids risk element. Bourne et al. (2002) conducted a survey on limitations of traditional budgeting in which he criticizes traditional budgeting on a number of issues. From the survey resu lt, he pointed out the following criticisms against budgeting ; its time consuming, costly, restricts flexibility in operation, its very often focused on target and often misaligned with strategy, it focuses more on cost rather than value creation, it often encourages gaming between superiors and subordinates, it is hardly updated and is based on unrealistic assumptions and guesswork which make it unsuitable for modern business. Traditional budgeting and modern business: Budgets have long had a bad press, but they have attracted even more flak recently for being at best inappropriate to modern business practice and at worst potentially harmful (Marginson and Ogden,2005). Hope (2000), in his study on traditional budgeting, points out four important reasons of incapability of traditional budgeting in modern business. he pointed out that in modern business, innovation is more essential rather than incremental, focuses more on faster learning rather than faster working, customer focus is on product satisfaction rather than increasing sale and knowledge- sharing and use of talent given more importance, rather than physical or financial capital. Modern business requires innovation along with cost saving in order to be competitive enough to fight with its rival company. Marginson and Ogden (2005) in his study on budgeting and innovation argues how firms are balancing the need to control costs on the one hand with the pursuit of innovation on the other. That is, modern business is an era of global business and competition which requires continuous innovation and huge spending on R D for its survival. And if modern business follows the budgeting tool it will restrict the business from spending a huge amount on innovation and this becomes a major criticism of budgeting. Hopes Fraser, 1999a, cited in Ekholm and Wallin (2000) added that traditional budgeting is incapable of meeting the demand of the competitive environment in the information age. This means, traditional budgeting is a useful accounting model with its focus on command and control but it lacks in providing useful updated information like market changes, change in taste and preference, change in technology, etc. which makes traditional budgeting unsuitable for modern business. Traditional budgeting is a time consuming process and therefore fails in reflecting changes fails in the companys organization process. As a result it produces inadequate variance reports leaving the how and when question unanswered. That is, it ignores shareholders value and focuses more on short term financial numbers. It follows a risk avoiding culture and therefore faces a false sense of security as a yearly, rigid process and as being a toy of the accounting department.( Hopes Fraser, 1999a, cited in Ekholm and Wallin, 2000). Ekholm and wallin (2000) in his study about budget found out that traditional budget seems to be a burden, and therefore must be removed from financial reports, before improving financial performance. Dugdale and Lyne (2006) say that if companies want to meet the modern business challenges then they must dismantle their rigid command and control structure, which means scrapping their budget and should adopt a policy of radical decentralization and implement appropriate key performance indicators, scorecards and rolling forecast. Alternatives to budgeting: Traditional budgeting is described as a Bane of Corporate America and a tool of repression, by modern businesses which look for alternatives. Rolling forecasts produced on a monthly or quarterly basis, are suggested to be the main alternative to the annual budget (Arterion 1998, Hope and Fraser 1990-20 cited in Ekholm and Wallin, 2000). Limitations of traditional budgeting give rise to many beyond budgeting techniques. Fanning (2000), in his article titled evolution or Revolution, explained beyond budgeting as a technique that restrict gaming, focuses on other business performance in addition to financial performance and uses insightful forecasts that accurately predict companys performance for a shorter period of time like, rolling forecast. In addition there are some better budgeting techniques like, zero based budgeting, activity based budgeting, process based budgeting and performance based budgeting. Rolling forecast serves as a best alternative to traditional budgeting, as stated earlier. In this the budget is prepared for a short period of time which ranges from a month to a year. The main advantage of this method i s that it encourages the manager of a company to look ahead and review their plans on a regular basis. Zero based budgeting is also emerged as a good alternative to incremental budgets. Unlike traditional budgeting zero based budgeting justifies and prioritizes all the activities before allocating amount of resources to them. In addition it focuses on activities instead of functional department which is a feature of traditional budgeting (Drury, 2008). Activity based budgeting authorize the supply of only those resources that are needed to perform activities required to meet the budget production and sales volume. This overcome traditional budgeting limitation which works on incremental basis to predict year expenses on the basis of last year expenses. Traditional budget systems focus on expenditures. Performance Based Budgeting focuses on final result by fixing desired performances goal to each department. The purpose of Performance-Based Budgeting is to provide a sound basis, upon which resource allocation decisions can be done; to communicate the measurable results expected to be achieved from a budget allocation; and to build a connection between budget and program performance results for the same operational unit over same period of measurement. Importance of budgeting in modern business: Dugdale and Hanseen ( two writers ) from their study on find out that in budgeting; operational planning, performance evaluation, communication of goals and strategy formation are the important functions which help it in being alive in modern business. Ekholm and Wallin (2000) from a questionnaire survey on budgeting stated that traditional budgeting is needed in modern business as it is an important tool for maintaining internal effectiveness which is needed to maintain long term equilibrium position of the company. He also finds out that modern business still requires traditional budgeting because its targets cant be set for the people. This means that, no control and no performance evaluation can be done. Hanseen and Van der Stede (2004) from his study on Multiple facets of budgeting finds out that there are different reasons to budgeting like market related performance (sales growth, market share) and internal operation related performance (cost effectiveness, quality), which see ms to be important reason for its wide use in modern business as it will help company to achieve competitive advantage over its rival. Dugdale and Lyne (2006) as a conclusion of case study point out that budget is an important tool to set resources limit for function such as service and RD, which will help business to make efficient use of their limited resources that will lead to success for a company in this competitive world. Conclusion: After a detailed study about budgeting it can be concluded here that, budgeting is an important tool for any business organization which helps the organization in operational planning, performance evaluation, communication of goal, strategy formulation and fixing targets which serve as a basis for organizational working and control. Inspite of its importance in organization, its become a matter of great concern to change or abandon traditional budgeting from modern business. It is because of some budgeting limitations which make it somehow rigid to be used in flexible and compatible modern business. It can be seen that traditional budgeting lacks in providing updated information, flexible operations, restricts huge expenditure on innovation and in addition to this, it is time consuming and a costly method, which binds a company to a 12 month agreement with budgeting expenditure and income list which restrict flexibility of modern business. On the other hand, budgeting helps modern bu sinesses in setting their targets for the year and cost controlling measures which play a vital role in the competitive market. So, seeing budgeting limitations and benefits to modern business, many economists and business managers suggest that traditional budgeting is an important tool which cannot be fully removed from an organization but some changes or beyond budgeting techniques like rolling forecast budgeting, zero based budgeting, activity based budgeting, process based budgeting and performance based budgeting, help in solving business organization problem. Refrences Atrill, P and McLaney, E.(2008). Accounting And Finance For Non- Specialists. England: FT Prentice Hall. Bourne M, Neely A and Heyns H (2002) Lore Reform, Financial Management,January,p.23. Drury, C. (2009). Management Accounting For Business.UK: South- Western. Dugdale, D. and Lyne, s.(2006)Are budgets still needed?, Financial Management, November,pp 32-35. Ekholm B and Wallin J(2000), Is the annual budget really dead? The European Accounting Review,volume 9,number 4,pages 519-539. Fanning J (2000) Evolution or Revolution?,Accountancy, October. Hansen, S.C. and Van der Stede, W.A. (2004), Multiple facets of budgeting: an exploratory analysis, Management Accounting Research vol. 15, pp 415-439. Hope T (2000), Conflict Resolution, Accountancy, November. Kennedy A and Dugdale D (1999), Getting the most from budgeting, Management Accounting, February. Maginson, D. and Orden, S. (2005)Budgeting and Innovation, Financial Management, April, pp 29-31.