Rape by Fraud, Forcible Rape, Sexual Assault, Child Molestation Free Essay Example, 1750 words

In a study conducted by Quinsey and Upfold (1985) involving 72 rape offenders, the average age of these offenders was 24 years old. The relationship between age and offence is seldom taken into consideration in the literature on rape beyond its descriptive qualities in the methodology. It was suggested that hormonal factors existing in young men were linked with the sexual offence (Marshall and Barabee, 1984). Gender of OffendersAccording to researchers (e. g. Lievore, 2003; Avakame, 1999), between 97% and 99% of alleged sex offenders are male. While physiologically and legally females are also capable of committing rape, for example, by digitally or orally penetrating victims (both male and female), such instances seldom reach the criminal justice system (Matthews et al 1991). Class of OffendersAccording to Holmes (1991), overwhelmingly, convicted rape offenders are from lower socio-economic backgrounds. Usually, they have the inconsistent employment history in unskilled works, hav e high academic failure rates, and come from unstable backgrounds (Bard et al, 1987). The underrepresentation of males from upper and middle-class backgrounds may indicate a higher involvement in marital and date rapes, which have lower conviction and reporting rates (Vogelman, 1990). We will write a custom essay sample on Rape by Fraud, Forcible Rape, Sexual Assault, Child Molestation or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Albert Einstein What Is Unified Field Theory

Albert Einstein coined the term Unified Field Theory, which describes any attempt to unify the fundamental forces of physics between elementary particles into a single theoretical framework. Einstein spent the latter part of his life searching for such a unified field theory, but was unsuccessful. Forces That Have Been Unified In the past, seemingly different interaction fields (or forces, in less precise terms) have been unified together. James Clerk Maxwell successfully unified electricity and magnetism into electromagnetism in the 1800s. The field of quantum electrodynamics, in the 1940s, successfully translated Maxwells electromagnetism into the terms and mathematics of quantum mechanics. In the 1960s 1970s, physicists successfully unified the strong nuclear interaction and weak nuclear interactions together with quantum electrodynamics to form the Standard Model of quantum physics. The Current Problem The current problem with a fully unified field theory is in finding a way to incorporate gravity (which is explained under Einsteins theory of general relativity) with the Standard Model that describes the quantum mechanical nature of the other three fundamental interactions. The curvature of spacetime that is fundamental to general relativity leads to difficulties in the quantum physics representations of the Standard Model. Different Theories Some specific theories that attempt to unify quantum physics with general relativity include: Quantum GravityString Theory / Superstring Theory / M-TheoryLoop Quantum GravityTheory of EverythingSupersymmetry Unified field theory is highly theoretical, and to date there is no absolute evidence that it is possible to unify gravity with the other forces. History has shown that other forces could be combined, and many physicists are willing to devote their lives, careers, and reputations to the attempt to show that gravity, too, can be expressed quantum mechanically. The consequences of such a discovery, of course, cannot be fully known until a viable theory is proven by experimental evidence.

Where U.S. Forests are Located

Gaming Machines And The Gameplay Of Gaming Rooms - 1995 Words

Topic: Noting the features of different types of gaming machines, how do gaming machines and the layout of gaming rooms’ impact on a club and its patrons? Present, Casinos has grown up rapid fast in every years recently. There was no record of when did the origin or the first casino was built in but there was a record of the first well-known casino in the world which called â€Å"The Casino di Venezia† which located in Italy and was built in 1963 (History, 2011). Anyhow in this essay will be focus on the topic of noting the features of different types of gaming machines, how do gaming machines and the layout of gaming room ‘s impact on a club and its patrons?. The first gaming machines were developed in United States of America and in the†¦show more content†¦The last one is video pokies which has the characteristic of playing video when you win the game. Gaming machine has different in prizes which gambler can bet from one line to five lines which can earn more cents. Gaming machine or poker machine are considered to be a light form of gambling but still be a continuous form because gaming machines are basically gambler are keep betting in low stakes but betting in the long term. There are three reason why gaming machine are more attractive than tradition table games which are while playing, one gambler does not have to wait for other players and two betting per game has run rapid fast after you press the button it would take around five seconds per game and three there are nothing stopping gambler from insert more cash, barcode or coupon through the machines (Robb, 2013). Anyhow gaming machine in Las Vegas are everywhere around Las Vegas area which mean there are gaming machine in pick-up bags area in the airport which mean anyone that 21 years old or over who were wanting to travel in or out of Las Vegas will have a chance to win o r lose before travelling. Thus when travelling to a place like Macau and Las Vegas all the traveller or gambler will definitely see how the designer design their place to make them feel wanted to gamble. In casino, there are two types of space in casino that can

Road Safety Measures Free Essays

string(81) " and to discuss them and the measurement for the improvement of safety measures\." Introduction- Road Accident is collision between any vehicles (for example car, truck, motorcycle etsectra) or it can be with any pedestrian, animal or the hindrance placed in the middle of the road. The accident occurred could result in many injuries or damage to the property. There are various factors which come into account which can be the reason of accident that is design of the road, driver’s impairment and vehicle design which can cause serious and most dangerous types of accidents. We will write a custom essay sample on Road Safety Measures or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay is based on the prevention of car accidents on the roads mainly on the streets of Dubai. Defining the Problem- What is the Problem? – The provision of highways are resulting in convenience for the peoples but the main problem which is faced by the government of any country is that the more frequent road accidents which are happening on the highways which results in severe damage in form of man power or infrastructure and mainly it is happening in big cities like UAE or Dubai which are having large road transport. The problem is basically small which is to be handled very carefully by the government; they have taken many measures to stop these huge accidents. Whenever a road accident takes place there is various types of damage which takes place which could be in the form of human beings which is also a victim, infrastructure which is damage to the government and other administration damages which occurs during accident. There is heavy cost to all above types of damages which has to be paid during accident which increase the complication if every day there will hundreds of accidents across the country which would directly affect the economy of the country such as UAE. There is a cost which has to be paid by the victim’s family which cause great problem financially, the property is damaged due to the accident which also affect government financially indirectly. There is also some administration cost which will undergo due to the accident. Reason- The main reason behind the accidents which occur so frequently on the roads of UAE is that inattention which is given during driving a car. There would probably lesser amount of accidents if proper attention and rules are followed during traveling. There could be reason related to weather which lso come into effect into the reason behind accident which is of course a natural reason, the fog which causes less appearance of on coming vehicles could result in accidents. The other main reason which can cause massive accident is consumption of alcohol during driving. There are some stats related to the car accidents in UAE- * Mostly 92% men are responsible for the death occurred during accident and only 8% women are responsible. * Accidents at night made up 45% of the total fatalities. * Private vehicles cause 1164 accidents taking a toll of 167 lives. The average ratio of death due to accident in UAE was 1 in every 28 hours. Cause of Accidents- There are four factors which are responsible for these types of road car accidents which are- Equipment Failure- The failure of some equipment inside the machine working of a car resulting into serious car accident is known as Accident due to Equipment Failure. These could be of various types such as failing of break, bursting of tire, tread separations or the problem could occur in steering/suspension. Roadway Design- The accidents which occur due to the irregular design of roads are known as accidents due to Roadway Design. It could occur through hazardous visibility which consists of merging lanes, livestock or pedestrian crossings, crests and troughs etc. The accident also occurs due to the irregular surface of the roads which causes imbalance of the vehicle and results into collision with another vehicle or infrastructure. Poor Roadway Maintenance- Poor roadway maintenance also contributes to some of the car accidents. There could be debris in the way of the road which could create problems for the traveler which is responsibility of local highway department, faded road sign and potholes could be another cause for the major road accident. Driver Behavior- The main and foremost cause is driver’s behavior other than three causes discussed above which constitutes only 5% of the cause of the road accidents and 95% depends on this one. Various surveys has been done in which there is a study which comes out to be that only 5% driver’s committed their own mistake in the accident and a major of 80 % believe that the other driver should have done something to stop the accident to occur. Current Policy- There are various policies which has been started or being formed for the increasing road accidents on the roads of UAE. There is an immediate need for the adoption of government’s policies which could change the face of the accidents in the positive manner. Recently there is a conference been held in Abu Dhabi which was 15th Road Safety conference of four continents under the patronage of the vice president and prime minister of United Arab of Emirates, Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid AL Maktoum. This conference was mainly organized by National Transport Authority (NTA) and with collaboration with other groups such as GRPS, FERSI, TRB and many more. This was the first road safety conference which will going to follow United Nation Assembly resolution A/64/L. 44/Rev1 on safety of roads. The aim to conduct this conference was to follow the path being adopted by the UN assembly resolution and to support the declaration being done in Moscow to improve the safety measures on road. This conference was great platform for the government to adopt the measures which are being adopted and technical methods which are better than their methods could be adopted and being implemented to construct a safe world to live in which is free from ant accident. It was a great platform to debate for road safety issues and to discuss them and the measurement for the improvement of safety measures. You read "Road Safety Measures" in category "Essay examples" There should be organization of future events and form a close relationship with transport institutions and the government authorities to work on the topic of road safety which can reduce the number of accidents which took place these days. The conclusion of this conference come out with the understanding that all the participants that is the countries or the nations which have participated in the conference will follow the guidance given by the United Nations on the road safety measures. There should be implementation of the strategic plan such as â€Å"Zero Vision† which is famous in some countries in Europe which should be encouraged by the United Arab of Emirates government as well as the agency under which this project will go should handle it with care. Government’ s Reaction- The accidents which are taking place in the UAE region of Arab countries are getting out of the alarming situation so there is a need of taking protective measures by the government to enhance the education related to the safety adoption during driving to avoid the risk of accident. There are various policies which have been introduced by the UAE government to ensure that there is less number of accidents in the country. There are various system introduced to control the accidents which takes place at the highway like introduction of fine system, black points and application like radars should be installed. So these systems should be discussed in detail to understand their uniqueness System of fine- There is an introduction of fine in various countries for the breaking of traffic rules to control the ongoing accident on the highways or on the street but the fine system which is applied in the United Arab Emirates region is somehow little harsh from other countries because of the diversified atmosphere of that country and the large amount of vehicles running daily from one destination to other. There are more than hundreds of offences which are made under the rule which involves handsome amount of money which is to be given by the culprit if he/she found guilty of any one of them. There are some examples which could be given to show you how strict is the government of UAE * Not wearing seat belt there is a fine of 100 AED * If there is some change found in the fundamental of engine without permit then a fine of 400 AED * Driving a vehicle which is creating lots of pollution then there is a fine of 300 AED * Driving without number plate then there is fine of 200 AED * Overloading can charge an individual with 200 AED Driving a vehicle which is not having a license from license authority could be charged with a toll of 200 AED. So above points describing fine are some of the fines which have described here very shortly instead they are having a big list of them. The system is introduced with a purpose of reducing the irrelevant trafficking and reduction of accidents which are taking place in the country at the faster rate. Radar System- Various countries are adopting high tech facilities to control the rate of accidents which is touching the sky. There are technical gadgets which are available in the market which could detect the speed of a vehicle from few kilometers before which could help in controlling the speeds of the vehicle which is the main reason for the accidents. For example there is radar installed somewhere at the place on highway which used to keep track of the speed of ongoing vehicles and if found some vehicle is running at the speed which too high then the censors of radar will give the indication about it. This system and other various measures which have been initialized by the government have reduced the rate of accidents which were taking place earlier. You will be shocked through the stats that death due to road accidents in Dubai has fallen short by 27 percent in the first nine months of the last year which are the figures being given by the Road and Transport Authority (RTA). There has been loads of effort being given by the UAE ministry of Interior in making the roads safer for the pedestrians and the motorists. Black Points- This system is introduced basically in the UAE in which there are points given on the basis of breaking the rules or committing any mistakes during driving along with the fine being charged. These points collectively if crosses a standard limit which has been specified by the government could result into cancellation of the driving license or could be even worse than that by cancelling the license of the vehicle and taking the vehicle into their custody. So these were few measures which are being taken by the government of UAE at the superior level to prevail UAE as the Best Global cities in the world by 2015. There is a signing of memorandum between Road and Transport Authority (RTA) and the ministry to involve road safety in the top agenda and to increase improving the driving standards and the safety measures which are being took by the people. Alternative Policy- The policies which are been introduced by the government or some of them which are in the line are discussed in the above topics but the help or the measures which an individual could take has its own preferences. There are some policies which could be added in the list of the safety rules can help hem a lot to somehow decrease the accidents being taking place at the highway or on the streets. There should be launching of nation wide campaigns which could help in providing information regarding the road safety measures being adopted and to make people aware of the rules which are being introduced in the rule books. There are around 11551 injuries and simultaneous deaths on the streets of Dubai and there are 17 deaths which too k place weekly in Dubai which is quite shocking with the stats. There are websites which conduct online test to test the knowledge of the road laws of the people which have another purpose also which is to make aware people about various laws and protective measures which they can take while driving. There should be formation of different associations which could take part in making the rules of road safety implemented in every part of the country and help the government in reducing the rate of accidents and which should provide various new invented measures which could be implemented and will be helpful in decreasing the rate of accidents, the government should take these type of ideas. There is very sharp division on the speed breakers which are situated on the highways could be placed with the forewarning boards and properly colored which could be seen from a distance but the travelers feel that speed breakers are not necessary on the highways but the villagers which understands the necessity of the breakers for their safety from the fast running vehicles. So these ways we have seen the division of mentality. There should be jurisdictional restriction on speed limit of different types of vehicle which are running like anything on the roads or highways resulting into very bad accidents. There should be some technically installment of the limit of speed which could be set accordingly to the traffic running at that place. The criteria of providing license should be made harsher which could only give chance to the perfect drivers which could provide a better chance of decreasing the accident rate. There should be various level of testing the driving of an individual which result in total inspection of the people that how much they know and is it safer to give them license to drive vehicle. The Non-Governing Organizations (NGOs) should come in front to put extra effort on the safety measures being introduced by the government. There are mechanical failures which could occur in vehicle apart from it there are mainly driver’s fault which could result in severe massive accidents resulting into loss of many lives with them. Nowadays people are consuming alcohol and driving vehicle which could result into serious accident so the policy should be made to check the alcohol consumption which should not be found more than a standard level as set by the government. There are cops which are posted at some place on the highways to check for these types of faults with breath taking machines which indicates if there is overconsumption of alcohol. Sometimes there are accidents which occur due to improper sign boards being placed on the roads. The proper planning of city could make a city free from accident which can be made by taking such types of protective measures such as sidewalks should be made to avoid walking on the roads which could decrease in the road hitting cases in the city, the crossing which is made should be made more uplifted to save pedestrian, there should be the facility for separate lanes for the two wheeler, three wheeler vehicles which can travel in only one row to avoid the risk of accidents. The activities like talking on cell phone, listening to music while driving should be avoided by an individual by themselves which could seriously harm their lives and is termed as very dangerous. The government should walk through every rural and urban area to educate the people and launch campaign at very big level to involve as many people as it can so that more and more people are being introduced to the new technologies which are rapidly being involved in the traffic rules. There should be collaboration which could be made with other countries to improve the conditions which is at present, more and more conferences should be organized within country to establish a base of road safety and there should be exchange of information and ideas between different people having different mindset which could help in building more ideas regarding safety of the people of the country. The road design is also sometimes responsible for the accidents which should be made properly. In some researches it has been shown that proper design and maintenance, with well designed intersections, proper installation of traffic control devices could make significant improvement in the rates of accidents. There should be no mechanical default in the vehicle which is actually 5% of the accidents which take place but there should adequate measures which should be taken by individual like proper wearing of seatbelts, time to time service of the vehicle to avoid any risk during long run and other measures which should be taken by the drivers to drive safely on the highways which is the place of aving maximum risk of accident. The driver which is driving a car should be well educated enough to identify the roadside signboards to minimize human error so that risk of accident from human side decreases as low it can be. Conclusion- The car accidents are taking place at frequent rate in the country like United Arab of Emirate where number of highway are more which increases the rat e of accident, the protective measure should be taken by an individual while driving a vehicle which has been introduced in above points. There are various policies which are introduced by the government to decrease the alarming situation of the rate of accidents occurring in UAE. There are stats which are shocking about the deaths of the people occurred during the accidents, these can only be improved when there is an initialization from every person of the nation and if full support is achieved by the government of the country then there are chances to calm down the temperature of the rate of accident occurring at highway. Read more:  http://www. businessteacher. org. uk/free-management-essays/road-accident. php#ixzz2OL0YNSNs How to cite Road Safety Measures, Essay examples

Importance Of Culture In International Construction Projects

Question: Describe about the Importance Of Culture In International Construction Projects. Answer: Introduction Cultural differences play a key role in successful implementation of international construction projects (Eberlein 2008). The ongoing global changes in different aspects of human life and economy, including business environment, cannot be ignored. Tools such as technology have facilitated global collaboration, through transfer of knowledge and skills, and development of business networks. As a result, the number of multinational construction projects are constantly increasing. One important factor to note about these projects is that some stakeholders involved in them will be working in a new cultural environment. These cultural differences, can impact the project positively or negatively. Therefore, it is important to understand cultural differences and learn how to manage them so as to ensure successful implementation of international construction projects. Background and historical progression Globalization has augmented interaction between individuals from different countries thus making it important to learn how to deal with and manage cultural differences. In international construction, globalization has driven competition in the industry thus making it easier for companies to bid for projects in foreign countries. This has made international construction industry to be very competitive, requiring a functionally and culturally diverse individuals that can integrate to form an effective project team. People working on international construction projects must understand how to learn new cultures and integrate into them for smooth running of the project. Cultural differences may be characterized by region, religion, ethnic origin, language, generation or age, gender, company, industry you are working in, education level, or job function (Elana 2010). These characteristics influence a persons beliefs and behaviors. For Example, Anglo Saxons and Latinos have two distinct behaviors. Latinos usually listen, follows speech keenly, like generalizing and are impulsive in nature. On the other hand, Anglo Saxons are usually analytical and have impressive self-control skills (Elana 2010). However, this does not mean that there are no Latinos who are analytical or Anglo Saxons who are naturally impulsive. When these two groups of people work together on a project, it will be very easy for them to understand their cultural differences Proper management of cultural differences requires analysis of several dimensions. These include: power distance, control, uncertainty avoidance, time orientation, masculinity vs. femininity, individuals versus collectivism, short-term vs. long-term orientation, convergent and divergent thinking, and context. It is the responsibility of project managers to analyze these dimensions and find the best way of adapting to them. Different situations resulting from cultural differences Disputes are common in both local and international construction projects. As the number of international construction projects increase, arguments and business interactions also increase, which are likely to lead to disputes in the construction sector. These disputes are largely contributed by cultural differences between parties involved. Therefore the disputes can be prevented if these parties take time to prepare, learn and understand the culture of the other parties involved. Dispute prevention and resolution are very essential in successful completion of construction projects because these disputes affect workers productivity and company resources (University Alliance 2016). The two major causes of international construction disputes are: differences in knowledge and experience related to construction management and law between the parties; and lack of solidarity in teams involved (Chan and Suen 2004). Other causes include: imprecise contractual terms, unclear definition of project scope, project delay, variations, payment disagreements, work quality, technical specifications, allocation of risks, unrealistic expectations of the client, information availability, management/administrative problems, unfamiliarity with local conditions, poor communication, dissimilarity in methods of doing business, use of accusatorial technique when resolving disputes, conflicting laws, problems with jurisdiction, and culture (Salmon 22016), among others. There are several mechanisms of dispute resolution. The mechanisms can either be formal or informal (Smith 2012), depending on the nature of the dispute, contractual terms and willingness of the parties to resolve the dispute. The most common mechanisms of resolving disputes arising from international construction projects include: negotiation (this is most common method where parties involved come together for a mutual agreement by discussing the issue without involvement of a third party. The method is fast, flexible, informal, and simple and ensures privacy), arbitration, litigation, mediation, dispute resolution adviser, expert determination, adjudication, and dispute review board. International construction has resulted to more focus on international arbitration as one of the best mechanism of resolving international construction disputes (Friedland 2015). Construction conflicts can be prevented by: ensuring that contractual terms are clearly stated, defining the project scope completely and clearly, following the project schedule to avoid delays, ensuring that variations are discussed among all parties before being effected, making appropriate payment on time, ensuring that work done is of the highest quality, ensuring that all technical specifications are well understood, proper allocation of risks, setting realistic expectations, ensuring that all needed information is available on time, putting in place appropriate management/administrative structures, getting familiar with local conditions before start of the project, ensuring effective communication methods, understanding each others methods of doing business, resolving conflicts amicably, understanding and acknowledging each others laws, and avoiding jurisdiction interference. It is more advantageous to prevent disputes than resolve them. Resolving usually leads to expensive and time consuming process and sometimes create enmity between the parties involved (Price Water Coopers, 2014. But since these disputes cannot be completely prevented, resolving them as early as they occur is the best option (American Bar association, 2003). Relation between culture and construction There are several factors that affect success of construction projects. One of them is culture, which affects both local and international construction projects. Culture has significant impact because construction projects are usually implemented by a diversified team of persons from different companies, professions, backgrounds and regions. In addition, culture is very important in construction industry because of the kind of contracting, partnering, joint venturing and procurement in the industry (Ankrah and Proverbs 2004). The effects of culture are even more intensified if the construction project is an international project. The project team has to work together irrespective of their cultural differences (Shore and Cross 2005). For example, a professional engineer may be explaining some details of a structural component to a supplier who does not have any engineering background or knowledge and therefore have no clue why the engineer is emphasizing on the component specifications. In such a case, the two members of the project team have to acknowledge their differences and try as much as possible to understand each other. Culture affects different aspects of management practices of construction projects. These include: human resources management, safety management, communication management, negotiation, knowledge management and time management. This basically means that cultural different affect all stages of the project. Regarding human resources management, the company should know the needs of their staff, understand their staffs culture, identify the capabilities of different staff members, adopt the culture of the host country or community, trust the staff and their culture, and be flexible in terms handling challenges arising from cultural differences. Effective communication management approaches entail learning new language used in the host country or community; learning and appreciating regional differences; and developing personal relationships. Language is very essential here because it can be the major cause of numerous communication problems between project participants. The company can co ntrol effects of cultural differences on knowledge management by identifying appropriate techniques of capturing, learning, sharing, transferring and managing knowledge. The company should also be ready to hire experienced staff, learn new methods of doing business, train its staff continuously and know the possibilities of losing knowledge (Kivrak, Ross and Arslan 2008). Safety management is also a crucial factor that is affected by cultural differences. So the company should analyze the safety practices and standards of the host country so as to establish ways of ensuring safety of its staff, property, neighbors and environment. Each country also has a unique culture in relation to safety. For instance, Americans and Europeans are very strict about safety practices than most of the other countries. For proper time management, the company has to know the typical working hours in the host country, identify working requirements and be observant on personal characteristics of its staff and other participants. There are two main cultures of time: monochronic and polychronic. Monochronic culture is where only one activity is performed at a time (Rutledge 2011). In this culture, time is a valuable resource and it is seen in terms of monetary value. Most Americans, Germans and British use monochronic culture. On the other hand, polychromic culture is where numerous activities are performed at once. In this culture, close attention is not paid to schedules and time is not seen as a very crucial resource (Kemperman 2008). Most Asians, Arabs and Latin Americans use polychronic culture. Obviously, problems will arise when people from these two time cultures work together without understanding each other and creating a common ground (Abeysekera 2003). Last but not least, the company should have good negotiation skills. It has to know how to present itself during first contact with its hosts, the communication method and language to use (sometimes there may be need to have a translator), arrangements of how they will learn the culture, possibilities of delays during to prevailing conditions on site, ways of calculating and attaining profit, and mechanisms they can use to ensure that their negotiations can earn them future projects in the host country. All these can be achieved through proper negotiations. However, negotiations in a foreign country can be very difficult because most of the negotiation techniques that work in one country may not work in another country. Successful negotiations can be affected by language barrier. These negotiations can also be used by the company as a learning opportunity of the other contractors or clients culture. It is important for companies to acknowledge that there is a strong relation between cultural differences and construction. This is for the simple reason that construction companies will in most cases work on projects in different parts of the country or world. For this projects to be done and completed, the company must involve the government, people and community in the area. This comes with a variety of challenges associated with cultural differences. But with proper understanding of cultural differences and readiness to adopt to the new cultures, it becomes easy to complete a project successfully in a foreign country. How cultural differences affect projects success The extent to which cultural differences will affect the success of the project also depends on several factors. These include: location of the project, cultural awareness, learning and benchmarking, experience in international projects, strategy of the company, and well-organized management system (Kirvrak 2009). The persons involved in the project should understand, accept, respect and appreciate cultural differences for the construction project to be completed successfully (Granell 2000). Companies or individuals that have substantial experience in international projects are in a better position to deal with the issues of cultural differences than beginners. The more a person participates in international projects, the more they learn how to appreciate and manage cultural differences. The best way is to employ local residents who will help you learn about the local culture, especially on the best approaches to handle people in that particular area. Interacting with people from dif ferent professions and cultural backgrounds also enhances effectiveness of teamwork when implementing an international project. Through these interactions, people are able to acquire new knowledge, learn new skills, share their cultures and develop trust among themselves (Michailova and Hutchings 2006). But one of the biggest challenges to these interactions is language barrier. Project location is another cultural different that affects projects success. Basically, different areas have different cultures. For example, the culture in countries within the Middle East region is very different from the culture in African countries or China. Some local cultures do not allow women to work on construction sites, others have very unique business cultures, whereas others are dominated by corruption allegations. The legal structures of the host country are also a cultural different that affect the success of the project. Therefore all these differences should be analyzed and dealt with appropriately for successful completion of the project. The strategy that the company uses its operations also play a major role in determining the projects success. Each company has a unique strategy, depending on its objectives, values and culture. Some strategies may work for or against international projects. The most common strategies are parochial, ethnocentric and synergistic. Parochial strategy is where the company believes that their way of doing business is the only way they can do. It means that the company is rigid and may not be ready to make necessary changes accept and appreciate the culture of the host country. This strategy usually hinders successful completion of international projects considering the cultural differences between countries. Ethnocentric strategy is where the company believes that their way of doing business is the best way to do business. Because of the cultural differences in different countries, this strategy is not suitable for international projects. The last strategy, synergistic strategy, is where the company acknowledges the differences in ways of doing business by other companies and is ready to make changes because neither of them have a perfect strategy. From the three strategies, synergistic strategy is the most effective one for international projects because it is capable of managing cultural differences (Kivrak 2009). A well-organized management system enhances projects success because it makes it easier to manage different people who come from varied cultural backgrounds. The management system of the company should respect cultural differences, both within the company and with its external partners. Disregarding these differences is likely to cause inefficiencies thus reducing productivity. It is also the responsibility of the top management to ensure that the company develops cordial relationship with the community where the project is being implemented. In general, cultural differences have strong and direct effect on projects success. All cultural differences should be acknowledged, accepted, appreciated and adopted. The company should be ready to learn the new cultures and establish an effective management system that will facilitate smooth integration of these cultural differences into the companys operations. Ignoring cultural differences will only lead to inefficiencies, reduced productivity, conflicts and ultimately project failure. Advantages of cultural differences There are several advantages of cultural differences for companies undertaking international construction projects. Some of these include: They enhance the effectiveness of a company. Cultural differences drive people to come together and establish strong relationships. This creates a strong team that collaborates and work together to ensure that their common goal is successfully achieved. The team members share their mix of skills, including strengths and weaknesses, and help each other where necessary (Binder 2007). The fact that the company acknowledges cultural differences motivates them to work extra hard so as to overcome these differences. Through this process, the company is able to learn new approaches of increasing its effectiveness. They enhance the companys legislative structure. Cultural differences gives the company an opportunity to learn the legislative structures of other businesses and countries. This makes it easier for the company to obtain relevant permits and registration documents when taking other international projects. They enhance knowledge sharing. When people from different cultural backgrounds come together, they exchange ideas, share knowledge and skills. This enables them to learn various aspects of business models and develop their ability to execute international projects more easily (Dulaimi 2006). They drive innovation because people always have to find ways of overcoming challenges brought by cultural differences. These challenges are usually overcome through creative thinking because peoples mind become open and have to develop ideas that will help them complete the project successfully. They increase peoples problem solving capabilities. When people with different cultures work together, there will always be challenges especially in the beginning. These challenges drive people to develop strong problem solving skills because the challenges must be overcome for the project to continue and be completed successfully (Kerzner 2009). They make working environments to be more enjoyable. When different people come together, there is usually excitement and enthusiasm to learn new beliefs, gain new experiences and acquire new skills. All these create a generally happy environment that improves productivity. They give the company a competitive advantage. This can be said to be the ultimate advantage of cultural differences. These differences improves the companys organizational flexibility, creativity, marketing, problem solving, resource acquisition and cost reduction. They help individuals and/or companies to learn new business methods that they can apply to improve the efficiency and performance of their businesses Disadvantages of cultural differences There are also several disadvantages of cultural differences, especially if these differences are not properly managed. Some of these disadvantages are as follows: Misunderstandings resulting from miscommunication. One of the major challenges of working with people from different cultural background is language barrier (Ellen and Anna 2008). If people are not speaking the same language, it becomes very difficult to communicate and understand each other. As a result, they may fail to understand anything, understand them differently or knowledge may get lost through translation (Ford and Chan 2003). It is also worth noting that every culture has a unique communication style (Zait 2002). They make it more difficult to control and coordinate participants because each person will be looking at things differently. In addition, people always believe that their cultures are the best hence making it more difficult to change their mind and appreciate other cultures They make it very challenging to maintain a cohesive team because the members have different points of references (Marquardt and Horvath 2001). At first, developing this team is a problem. When the team comes together, they may not trust each other or fail to fully support the project goals. This gives international project managers a hard time in ensuring that the team works together from start to end. People with different cultures will always have preconceptions about others. Most of the people may not express them but these preconceptions exist. This may lead to unfair treatment of others. It is very difficult to change this kind of mindset, which affects the project negatively When people cannot work together without serious glitches, they always develop conflicts. Cultural differences augments the possibility of these conflicts because each individual or group will have a different opinion. Failure to reach a common ground will create conflicts among participants thus affecting the projects success. They can lead to cultural shock thus affecting performance of new workers in the country. The main causes of this shock are lack of experience and differences in living conditions, which makes it difficult to adapt to cross-cultural differences. Analysis of various case studies of cultural differences China is one of the countries that have attracted participation of international construction companies. The countrys culture is still largely influenced by the teachings of Taoism and Confucianism (Chan and Suen 2004). However, the Chinese government has developed several policies aimed at attracting international companies. These include foreign direct investment, special economic zones, and Sino-foreign investment joint venture (Cheng and Qui 2002). Despite this, culture difference still affect several international construction companies that work in China. An example is during the construction of sports facilities and venues that were used during the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. There were several international construction companies that were involved in these projects. Most of the companies did not understand Chinese culture, methods of doing business and local legal structures teamed up with local Chinese firms. This enabled them to local the cultures and develop flexible and effective mechanisms of resolving disputes. There is also a project discussed by Mahadevan and Klinke (2012) that has demonstrated the effects of cultural differences on projects success. This project was executed jointly by German and Indian companies between 2007 and 2008. At first, there were multiple conflicts between German top managers and Indian top managers. The main causes of these conflicts were cultural differences. Besides language barrier, which affected communication between the two parties, each party had a different way of doing business. These managers did not learn each others ways of doing business and change their perceptions to accommodate each other. Instead, they went ahead and provided contradicting information about the project. Some Indian top managers were fired on allegation of not providing necessary information about the project. Because of these cultural differences, the project was almost being canceled. It was until when an experienced German manager was assigned to lead the Indian site that th e project became revived. The new manager used his multicultural experience to interact with Indian customers well and resolve conflicts cordially. At the end, the project attained its quality objectives but failed to achieve time and cost objectives. This case demonstrates the role played by cultural differences in international projects. Poor multicultural management was leading to project failure. However, things were revived on arrival of a new manager who had knowledge and experience on how to deal with cultural differences. Another case study demonstrating successful implementation of effective cultural differences management strategies is the Year 2000 (Y2K) projects. These projects were implemented by private and public organizations in 180 countries (Anbari et al. 2009). The projects involved collaboration of multi-cultural teams from different industries, including telecommunication, computer engineering, construction, software development, etc. These teams respected each others culture and cooperated to ensure that the projects were successful. The projects provided numerous lessons regarding management of multi-cultural teams (U.S. Department of States 2001). There is also a case study of failed international project as a result of inappropriate multi-cultural management, and that is the Iridium project. This project involved design and construction of an integrated global communication system. The project was estimated to cost $5 billion and it involved multinational technology firms, business managers, about 6,000 engineers and technicians. A total of 26 countries were involved in this mega project (Anbari et al. 2009). Even though the project attained a number of its technical, operational and delivery objectives, it completely failed in achieving its financial and commercial objectives. This resulted to Iridium LLCs bankruptcy filing. The company was later sold at a throw-away price. Failure of this project was largely attributed to inefficient cross-cultural communications. Language barrier was among the major problems. Communication among top managers of the project was poor due to language barrier. Some managers took leave and othe rs went for vacation without the knowledge of others, which affected project delivery. This project demonstrates that even though a project may be allocated the required amount of money and be under management of multi-national teams, problems such as language barrier can cause project failure. In this context, language barrier is an element of cultural differences. The project would probably have been successful if the persons in charge prepared adequately on how they will ensure effective communication among all parties involved. For many years, the national culture of Australia had been said to have high protection levels, especially in form of charges and/or tariffs (Buxey 2000). This made Australia less competitive globally because the protectionism had promoted internal business only. This means that international construction companies eyeing Australian market had to deal with high tariffs as one of the cultural differences. Also, Australia largely focused on establishing policies that attracted investments from Europe than from Asia. But globalization has made Australia to change its national culture and become more diverse. The country now has formulated friendly policies that make it easier for international companies to do business (National Visas 2013). This has enabled many international construction companies to bid for projects in Australia and adapt to the countrys culture when executing these projects. There is also a difference between Americans and Europeans in terms of their thinking patterns. Generally, Americans are said to be convergers while Europeans are said to be convergers (Anbari et al. 2009). When working on a project, Americans start by looking at the general ideas before narrowing down to specific parts, goals and solutions. This means that they usually work on well-defined projects and consider applications and implications of these projects. On the other hand, Europeans tend to be more concerned on the project philosophy. They can work on unclearly defined projects by combining different techniques and using their creativity to develop solutions along the way. These kinds of cultural differences are very important in international construction. For a company that is planning to work with Americans or Europeans, it must understand these cultural differences and be prepared on how to deal with them. China has also intensified its construction activities in various parts of the world, especially in Africa. There are several Chinese companies that are currently executing construction projects in Africa (Moore 2014). There are several factors that have contributed to Chinas success in these projects (Liu and Stocken 2012), among them being Chinese companies approach towards cultural differences. Chinese workers in these countries are committed to learn new languages and integrate seamlessly into local societies. This has reduced the problem of language barrier, which has been one of the major factors limiting Chinese dominance into other parts of the continent, despite their strong technical skills. From these case studies, it is evident that one of the major challenges of doing international business is ability to adapt to different cultures. This adaptation needs a comprehensive understanding of cultural values, perception and diversity (Granell 2000). This has to start during project preparation phase. Future scope of culture in international construction Construction business has changed significantly following the ongoing competition and globalization (Ofori 2000). Large-scale projects are now attracting participants from all over the world. Countries are also making promotional efforts to attract more foreign direct investments (Economy Watch 2010). As construction projects constantly become complex and global collaboration augments, cultural differences will continue being a key factor in international construction, just as they have been before (Ochieng and Price 2008). It is very important for companies to pay more attention to cultural differences. The companies should acknowledge that people are not the same thus they will always have different opinions and points of reference. However, this does not mean that people cannot work together. The most important thing is for companies and individuals in the construction industry to know that the best way of moving forward is by finding ways of dealing with cultural difference. As globalization continues, opportunities are being created all over the world. Therefore cultural differences should not be a limiting factor to participate in these projects. Companies have to develop strategies of managing cultural differences, such as professional training programs. These programs have to be implemented internally. They need to train their people about cultural differences and prepare them before departure. This will reduce cultural shock that is usually experienced by people when they encounter new cultures they have never been exposed to before. Project managers should also develop communication skills because this is the most crucial skills for international projects (Harris and Kumra 2000). As many cities and countries continue to unveil mega construction projects, cultural differences are expected to continue being a significant factor in the implementation of these projects. This means more conflicts and disputes are likely to arise, requiring flexible and comprehensive dispute resolving systems (Hill International 2016). Conclusion Cultural differences have been there and will always exist as long as people from different regions, ethnic origins, religions, languages, generations or age, genders, companies, industries/professions, education levels, or job categories work together. These differences have advantages and disadvantages. The advantages can lead to projects success while their disadvantages cause project failure. The most important thing is for parties participating in international construction to find ways of understanding, accepting, appreciating, and managing these cultural differences. With the ongoing globalization and global challenges, cultural differences are inevitable. Understanding the effects of these differences helps in capitalizing on their advantages and minimizing their disadvantages. Therefore any person or company that intends to take on international construction projects should invest adequate resources in learning how to manage cultural differences for successful completion of the projects. References Abeysekera, V 2003, Understanding culture in an international construction context, Perspectives of Culture in Construction, CIB Publication, 275, 39-51. Anbari et al. 2009, Managing cross cultural differences in projects, PMI Global Congress North America: Orlando, Florida Ankrah, N Proverbs, D 2004, Treading the softer areas of construction management: a critical review of culture, In: Khosrowshahi, F. (Ed.), 20th Annual ARCOM Conference, September 1-3, 2004, Heriot Watt University, Association of Researchers in Construction Management, vol. 1, 551-558. American Bar Association 2003, Construction Disputes, ABA, viewed October 22, 2016, https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/migrated/dispute/essay/constructiondisputes.authcheckdam.pdf Binder, C 2007, Global project management: communication, collaboration and management across borders, Gower Publishing, Hampshire, England, pp. 40-42. Buxey, G 2000, Strategies in an era of global competition, International Journal of Operations Production Management, vol. 20, issue 9, pp. 997-1016. Chan, E Suen, H 2004, Dispute resolution management for international construction projects in China, Management Decision, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 589-602, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Dulaimi, M 2006, Knowledge sharing in international joint ventures, The Joint International Conference on Construction Culture Innovation and Management (CCIM2006), Dubai. Eberlein, M 2008, Culture as a critical success factor for successful global project management in multi-national IT service projects, Journal of Information Technology Management, vol. 19, issue 3, pp. 27-42. Economy Watch 2010, Promoting foreign direct investment, viewed October 22, 2016, https://www.economywatch.com/foreign-direct-investment/attract-more-fdi.html Elana, R 2010, Cultural differences in project management, Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Oeconomica, 12(2), pp. 657-662. Ellen, K Anna, M 2008, The impact of language barrier cultural differences on restaurant experiences: a grounded theory approach, The Pennsylvania State University. Ford, P Chan, E 2003, Knowledge sharing in a multi-cultural setting: a case study, Knowledge Management Research in Practice, 1(1), 11-27. Friedland, P, 2015, Construction industry favours international arbitration for dispute resolution, White Case, viewed October 22, 2016 https://www.whitecase.com/news/construction-industry-favours-international-arbitration-dispute-resolution Granell, E 2000, Culture and globalization: a Latin American challenge, Industrial and Commercial Training, vol. 32(3), pp. 89-93. Harris, H Kumra, S 2000, International manager development cross-cultural training in highly diverse environments, The Journal of Management Development, vol. 19(7), pp. 602-14. Hill International 2016, Resolving construction disputes in Asia, Financier Worldwide Limited: United Kingdom. Kemperman, J 2008, Monochronic or polychronic, thats the differences, which are you? Viewed October 22, 2016, https://www.jeroenkemperman.nl/monochronic-or-polychronic-thats-the-difference-which-are-you/ Kerzner, H 2009, Project management: a system approach to planning, scheduling and controlling, John Wiley Sons, New Jersey. Kivrak, S, Ross, A, Arslan, G Tuncan, M 2009, Impacts of cultural differences on project success in construction, In: Dainty, A.R.J. (Ed) Procs 25th Annual ARCOM Conference, 7-9 September 2009, Nottingham, UK, Association of Researchers in Construction Management, pp. 53-61. Kivrak, S, Ross, A Arslan, G 2008, Effects of cultural differences in construction projects: an investigation among UK construction professionals, International Conference on Multi-national Construction Projects, Shanghai, China, November 21-23, 2008. Liu, B Stocken, R 2012, Africa: Why Chinese companies are successful in Africa, All Africa, viewed October 21, 2016, https://allafrica.com/stories/201201040375.html Mahadevan, J and Klinke, C 2012, Failure and success stories in intercultural project management, Interculture Journal, vol. 11, issue 18, pp. 59-73. Marquardt, J Horvath, L 2001, Global teams: how top multinationals span boundaries and cultures with high-speed teamwork, Palo Alto, CA: Davies Black. Michailova, S Hutchings, K 2006, Natural cultural influences on knowledge sharing: a comparison of China and Russia, Journal of Management Studies, 43, 383-405. Moore, M 2014, Six giant Chinese projects shaping the world, The Telegraph, viewed October 21, 2016, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/10952998/Six-giant-Chinese-projects-shaping-the-world.html National Visas 2013, Australia continues to attract foreign investors, viewed October 22, 2016, https://www.nationalvisas.com.au/blog/australian-news/australia-continues-to-attract-foreign-investors/ Ochieng, E Price, A 2009, Managing cross-cultural communication in multicultural construction project teams: the case of Kenya and UK, International Journal of Project Management. Ofori, G 2000, Globalization and construction industry development: research opportunities, Construction Management Economics, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 257-262. Price Water Coopers 2014, Resolving capital project disputes: adopting a business case approach, viewed October 22, 2016, https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/capital-projects-infrastructure/publications/assets/pdfs/pwc-resolving-capital-project-disputes.pdf Rutledge, B 2011, Cultural differences monochronic versus polychronic, viewed October 22, 2016, https://thearticulateceo.typepad.com/my-blog/2011/08/cultural-differences-monochronic-versus-polychronic.html Salmon, K 2016, An introduction to construction disputes, viewed October 22, 2016 https://blog.globalpoundconference.org/2016/10/17/an-introduction-to-construction-disputes/ Shore, B Cross, B 2005, Exploring the role of national culture in the management of large-scale international science projects, International Journal of Project Management, 23, 54-64. Smith, R 2012, Resolving international construction disputes litigation or arbitration? Viewed October 22, 2016, https://www.reedsmith.com/Resolving-international-construction-disputes--litigation-or-arbitration-10-29-2012/ Tran, D Skitmore, M 2002, The impact of culture on international management: a survey of project communications in Singapore, The Australian Journal of Construction Economics and Building, 2(2), pp. 36-47. U.S. Department of States 2001, Year 2000 lessons learned: strategies for successful project management, U.S. Department of State: Washington, DC. University Alliance, 2016, Cross cultural differences in the construction industry, University of Notre Dame, viewed October 22, 2016, https://www.notredameonline.com/resources/intercultural-management/cross-cultural-differences-in-the-construction-industry/#.WAnkbSbfrIU Zait, N 2002, Intercultural management: valuing cultural differences, Economic Publisher: Bucuresti.

Legal Risk Management Faggs Mitre Store

Question: Discuss about the Legal Risk Managementfor Faggs Mitre Store. Answer: Introduction Faggs Mitre store is one of hardware stores which are under renovations on its interior as well as the exterior design and make of the outer warehouse. The project majors on the extension as well as some key refurbishment. According to the structural design of the contractor on the proposed design and blueprint, there be renovations on the hardware and garden centre, which will be done using timber. Consequently, there shall be an extension on the east side of the wing, which is the deliveries received and the dispatch area, using wood. According to the structural and contractors blueprint, there shall be renovations on the roof of the hardware on the pieces where they have been primarily affected. Extensions are also expected to be done on the ceiling bearing in mind that, there shall be extensions on the infrastructure, on the ground. From the formation of the idea in the mindset of oneself or a group of investors to the finalisation of construction of the being that existed in the minds of them, laws and regulations have to be followed to the later with all parties involved taking step by step. These rules and regulations lie under the construction laws, which is a branch of law which mainly deals with matters of building construction, engineering and other related fields. The law extends its role to covers the legal process that includes negligence, contract, liens and sureties (Cooke, et al, 2013). In Australia like any other country has legislations that would contribute and influence significantly the building and construction of the project at hand which is the Fagg store. This because they asset to govern the entire renovation and extension process, the relations of the employees, the safety and health of the employees as well as the disputes. The owner of the store will together with the architect submit the drafts of the extension and renovation process to the national building and construction department. At this juncture, the owner and the architect would be respecting the act of the federal building and construction act. The law stipulates that after the owner together with the articles has finalised on the draft of the plan, they will have to submit the blueprint to the department. At this point, if the design is approved by the officials then the owner may proceed to look for the builder. If the blueprint is not approved, then the owner together with the architects reviews on the design should submit same to the building department at the state offices for recommendations. Compliance with this law is paramount since the board cannot approve a building without the structural capacity to hold the desired number of people and stock that will be stored in it. Compliance with the act is also significance since the owner of the business will receive a blueprint of an approved building and the extensions hence no worries for future collapse. The other and very vital law to consider doing the process of building and construction is the tendering and procurement act. Although this is so much in the corporate business, in this case, the owner of the store has to follow all the laid down statutes and laws that control the tendering and procurement process. According to the act, the owner has the sole right out directly choosing the contractor, or by requesting all the contractors who feel they are fit for the position (Cooke, et al, 2013). The owner should at this point engage the public building and construction company so as to be able to distinguish and choose the best contractor fit for the renovations and extensions. In many cases, the social construction and building department will advocate consideration of the first contractor who did the first work so as to ensure they have a preview of the housing planning and the previous plans. The board will also give the bid to the highest bidder who has a lot of refines and co mpleted jobs. Some of the key legislation regarding such construction of the store includes the building and construction industry payment act. The act 2004 ensures that all the parties that are involved in the contractual chain of the whole development process are awarded the sufficient protection so as to receive the payment for the work they have undertaken. According to this law governing the construction period, then the owner and the contract who have agreed to work on the renovation of the store has to make sure that they negotiate on the terms of services and payment claims, schedules as well as periods for the payment disbursement (Forbes, et al, 2011). This is a substantive act, and law one has to consider at the early stages of the project so as to avert any case of the owner failing to pay for the work which has been done as well as the contractor failing to complete the work as expected and has been paid. There have been several cases in Australia where employers who offered contracts to some unscrupulous contractors who after receiving a lump of the money regarding the project at hand they never complete the construction of the building at a health risk. It is also important to have the relevant documents regarding as per the requirement of the building and construction industry payments act 2004, this is so at averting any incidence where the client would ask for escalation or in the case where the employee may request for escalation. The documents that are as per to the standards of the act will perform as prove and will cancel any attempt by both parties to work for escalation (Forbes, et al, 2011). Another legislation that is of much significance to the construction and renovations of this store is the sustainable planning act. Being a replacement of integrated planning Act 1997, the law highly seeks to manage any effect of the development on the environment (Walker, 2015). The law ensures that all the renovations and extensions to be carried out one the parts of the store are up to date with the regulations and code of environment and that there no adverse effects resulting from these developments. The law also seeks to ensure that the renovations and extensions process is up to the standard of the environmental guidelines and that there is no effect on the people living next to the store. The sustainable planning act is a significant act to review primarily for the owner of the warehouse so as to avert any scenario that would result after the construction of the extensions and renovations only to be told that the store is the health hazard and an environmental threat so it ca n only be demolished. At this point. The own may feel discouraged. The other key legislation is the work health and safety act 2011. The law allows the officials who have the permit to enter into any building and construction site immediately if they feel that there is a contravention occurring and has to provide a notice of their entry as soon as it is possible. This is a relevant act since the government will be able to monitor the process of the construction and renovations is up to standard. This would be a move and an advantage to the owner of the store since he or she will be assured of quality work in a relatively quick time when the contractors know they are being watched (Walker, 2015). The contractor of this project should also ensure that they uphold and adhere to the building and construction regulations on the plumbing and electrical installation in the store. This is so as to make sure that there is no event that the store will have electrical or plumbing problems. In any building and construction process of a residential and commercial building like the warehouse in our question, one needs to get into forms of contract. There are several types of contract that one may engage in which includes among others the lump sum contract, cost plus fixed fee contract and the lump sum and scheduled report among others. In this renovation, an extension of the store, the owner of the store could use the lump sum contract or the lump sum and scheduled contract. The lump sum contract spells out that the owner of the store agrees to the payment of a contractor specified amounts of money in a lump sum after the completion of work without any cost breakdown (McNeil, et al, 2015). This is a very high-risk contract as compared to the others since the contractor may do shoddy work or even fail to build as per the requirements of the blueprint. By this then the owner will be at a possible end to lose his or her funds to pay incomplete work. The other contract best for this is the lump sum and scheduled contract. According to this contract, the owner decides with the contractor on the total amount of pay he or she is going to pay him upon completion of the store. However the pay in broken-down as per the measurements (McNeil, et al, 2015). This type of contract has negative implications on the contractor since he or she might have spent a lot of time working at the same store but happens to complete fewer measurements, hence making lower amounts of money as compared to the other lump sum contract. References Aven, T., 2010.Risk management(pp. 121-158). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Brook, M., 2012.Estimating and tendering for construction work. Routledge. Bunni, N.G., 2013.The FIDIC forms of contract. John Wiley Sons. Callahan, M.T., 2010.Construction delay claims. Aspen publishers. Chapman, R.J., 2011.Simple tools and techniques for enterprise risk management. John Wiley Sons. Cooke, B. and Williams, P., 2013.Construction planning, programming and control. John Wiley Sons. Friedman, L.M., 2011.Contract law in America: a social and economic case study. Quid Pro Books. Forbes, L.H. and Ahmed, S.M., 2011.Modern construction. CRC Press,. Harris, F. and McCaffer, R., 2013.Modern construction management. John Wiley Sons. Walker, A., 2015.Project management in construction. John Wiley Sons. Mahler, T., 2010. Legal risk management.Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Oslo. McNeil, A.J., Frey, R. and Embrechts, P., 2015.Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press.